Citizen Science Midterm

Porifera (Sponges)

• simplest multicellular Animal

• No tissue or organs

• Flagella moves through the water to carry it

• Can grow large around other structures

• Ostia= incurrent pores

• Oscula= excurrent pores

Porifera (sponge types)

• tube shape

• Ball shape

• Vases and barrel shape

• Encrusting sponge

• Rope sponge

Ctenophora (comb jellies)

• not a jellyfish

• Lack nematocysts (stingers)

• Provide iridescent light

• Oval or pear shaped

Platyhelminthes (flatworm)

• primitive organism

  • bilateral symmetry

  • Defined front/ rear sections

  • Dorsal and ventral surface

• A body cavity (coelom) with a single opening

• Simple sensory organs

  • Pseudotentacles/ real tentacles

  • Eyespots - light detection

Worms (3 types)

• Annelida (segmented worms)

• Nermetea (ribbon worms)

• Phoronida (horseshow worms)

Annelida

• Repetitive body segments

• Marine annelids = polychaetes

• Ex, fireworm

Nemertea

• long, slender, elastic bodies

• Highly organized digestive system

• Appears like a long flatworm

Phoronida

• stationary tube worm with a spiral, feathery appendage that is used to catch micro-organisms

• Can’t leave the tube

Antropoda (crustations)

• largest phylum

• 2 million described species

• Common traits:

  • Jointed legs

  • Exoskeleton

  • Periodic molting

Anthropoda (7 groups)

• shrimp

• Lobsters

• True crabs

• Porcelain crabs

• Hermit crabs

• Squat lobsters

• Mantis shrimp

Shrimp

• Long antennae

• Three body parts

  • Head, abdomen, thorax

• peropods: swimmerets extending from abdomen

Lobster

• heavy muscular abdomens

• Wide, flattened tails

• Elongated antennae

• Nocturnal bottom dwellers

How to tell male vs female lobster

Female contains large, feathery pleopods

Males contain smaller, pleopods that are a deeper orange color

True crabs

Reduced abdomens and tails

• large flat carapace

Four pairs of walking legs

Lack antennae

Porcelain crabs

appear like squat crabs with large arms

• three pairs of walking legs

• Body shape almost round

• Long antennae

Female vs male crabs

Male- thin triangular abdominal flap

Female- rounded shorter abdominal flap

Hermit crabs

• Modified abdomen that wraps around the internal spiral of shell

• Shell does not grow on them

Squat lobster

• not a lobster, closer to a hermit or porcelain crabs

• Flattened bodies, long claws

• Abdomen folded under itself

• Three pairs of walking legs

Mantis shrimp

• not a shrimp

• Large highly developed eyes

• Three pairs of walking legs

• Powerful arms

Bryozoa (bryozoan)

• tiny, polyp- like tentacles, but have a complete digestive system

• Colonial skeletons

  • Can be flexible or rigid, various colors, and fragile

Mollusca (mollusks)

Latin name= soft body

• no skeleton

Many have an external shell

Mollusk types 4

• gastropods

  • Snails

  • Sea slugs

• Bivalves

• Cephalopods

Snails

• Gastropoda

• Secrete a large whorl which forms a ever growing shell

Sea slugs

• Gastropoda

• Lack shell

• Mantle is colorful/ ornate

• Sensory tentacles: rhinophores

Bivalve

• soft body protected by two laterally compressed valves

• Some contain eyespots

• Ex, clam

Cephalopods

• octopus and squid

• Long arms with powerful suction cups to capture prey

• Highly evolved nervous system

• Chromatophores: cells within the skin to change pigmentation/ coloration

Squid

• elongated, streamlined bodies

• Eight arms and two feeding tentacles

• Stabilizing swim fins

Octopuses

• bulbous bodies

• Eight arms

• Using arms and suction cups to move about

Echinodermata (echinoderms)

• hard, internal calcareous skeleton

  • Plates of Skelton are called ossicles

• Symmetrical around the axis

• Regeneration capability

Echinodermata types 7

• feather stars

• Sea stars

• Brittle and basket stars

• Sea urchin and heart urchins

• Sand dollar

• Sea biscuits

• Sea cucumber

Feather stars

• crinoids

• Feathery long tentacles, multiple arms

• Can swim, walk, or anchor themselves with their arms

Sea star

• usually five or more arms

• Regeneration can occur with the arms

• Central and ventral mouth with dorsal anus

Brittle star

• small central disc, 5 long thin arms

• Spines around the top of the arm

• Feed at night

Basket star

• 5 arms repeatedly subdivide into weaved branches

• Lack heavy arms/ plates

• Curled into ball during day

Sea urchin

• spherical bodies with ten fuses calcareous plates

• Central and ventral mouth - Aristotle’s lantern

• Spines can be long and sharp, or short and stubby

Heart urchins

• non- spherical, oval dome shaped

• Short, tightly packed spines

• Lacks Aristotle’s lantern

• Heart shaped

Chordata (tunicates)

Urochordates: no backbone

• have other characteristics

  • Have a tail

  • Dorsal central nerve

  • Notochord

  • Pharyngal fill slits

Cnidaria

• corals, jellyfish, hydroids, and anemones

Two forms

1. Polyp

2. Medusa

   • barbed nematocysts that stick poison into people, sting

Polyp form

Medusa form

hydrocorals: hydrozoa

• Hydroid colonies that secret calcareous skeletons

  • Fire corals: powerful nematocysts

    • fuzzy from pin sized pore

    • Orange in color

  • Lace corals: profusely branched, hard calcareous skeletons

    • Usually purple or burgundy

Gorgonians: octocorralia

• polyps have eight tentacles with pinnate projections called pinnule

• Colors come from three sources:

  • Interactions with algae in polyp tissue

  • Zooxanthellae

  • Minerals in the spicules

Gorgonians: octocorralia

Gorgonians- octocorralia

• sea rods, flat sea whips, sea feather plumes, sea fans, and orange sea whips

• Stems have central skeletal axis

• Core surrounded by gelatinous ride

  • Polyps imbedded in the rind

  • Arrangement of polyps identifies organism

  • Calyces (polyp apertures) used in determining genus

Telestaceans

• grow by extending a long terminal polyp that produces a stem

• Off the stem grows daughter polyps which are brilliant white

• Identified by stem color

Soft coral

• Resembles thick- trunked branched trees

• Polyps are clumped on branch tips and occasionally around the trunk

• Colors are a range of pastel

Hexacorralia- stony coral

• polyps are generally smooth and tubular with tentacles in multiples of six

• Building blocks of tropical reefs

• Calcium carbonate cups called corralites

• Many species can be identified by design/ observation of the structure

Hermatypic

Contribute substantially to reef building

Ahermatypic

Usually small, solitary, and without substantial skeletons

Stony coral- hexacorralia types

• Branching and pillar corals

• Encrusting, mound, and boulder corals

• Brain corals

• Leaf, plate, and sheet corals

• Fleshy corals

• Flowering and cup corals

Black corals- antipatharia

• generally thought to be deep dwellers, but ½ can be found within safe diving limits

• Secrete a protein material, usually black in color, becomes very hard

• Forms branched or wire- like structures

• Do not form corallite homes; live on the skeletal surface

  • Six, non-retractable tentacles

• Polyp tissue usually translucent with tinted gray, brown, red rust, or green

• Wire corals may have bright yellow- green or red

Sea anemones

• Lack hard skeletal parts

• Tentacles with nematocysts

  • Immobilize prey

• Can have symbiotic relationships with shrimp, crabs, or small fish

Corallimorphs

• similar to anemones but with an open whole in the middle

  • Two geometric patterns concurrently

  • Tentacles radiate out the oral disc and form concentric circles

• Protruding oral disc

Tube dwelling anemones

• Anemones that live inside tubes buried in the substrate

• Only extend at night when feeding

• Center has soft tuft of shorter tentacles

• Pointed outer tentacles extending from the oral disc

zoanthids

Similar to anemones but smaller

• size: ~1/2 inch

• Live in colonies

• Tentacles

  • Oral disc has none

  • Two rings of them around outer edge

  • sting

Hydroids

• colonial

• Branched skeleton with feather / fern like extension

• Identified by arrangement of stalk, branches, and polyps

• Complex life cycle

Medusa end stage groups

• Box jellies (Cl. Cuboza)

• Siphonophores (Cl. Hydrozoa)

• Jellyfish (Cl. Schyphozoa)

Box jellies

One or more nematocysts bearing tentacles from each corner

Sever stinging power

• paralysis

• Necrosis

• Cardiac arrest

• Death

Siphonophores

Man-o-war

• complex, unattached hydroid colonies

• Float using gas’s filled float

• Can be contracted and held closer to the float or very long and extended

• Float beneath the surface and move using swimming bells

Jellyfish

• translucent, unattached Medusa

• Prominent dome with varying shapes

• Hanging dome are nematocyst armed tentacles

• Number and length of tentacles used in identification

Charismatic megafauna

Animals that are large, with symbolic value or widespread popular appeal

Loggerhead; caretta caretta

• most abundant species

• 95% of nests in Broward county

• Large head with powerful jaws

• Reddish-brown carapace

Green sea turtle; Chelonia mydas

• <5% of nests in broward county

• Largest hard shelled turtle with a comparatively smaller head

• Dark, olive/ green colored carapace with white plastron

Leatherback; dermochelys coriacea

• <1% of nests in Broward county

• Largest turtle in the world

• Lack scales and have a rubbery shell

• Highly migratory

Temp effect on eggs

High temps make mostly females

Cooler temps make mostly guys

Ampullae of lorenzini

• special sensory electroreceptors on their snout around their eyes

Nurse shark

• light brown to dark brown skin

  • Contain melanin

  • Some have small dark spots

• Flattened body with a broader round head

• Barbels between the nostrils

Caribbean reef shark

• gray skin

• Short, blunt round nose

• Large and narrow pectoral fins

• Primary dorsal fin is small with a short rear tip

Lemon sharks

• yellow- brown skin

• Eyes have a visual streak that allows them to see fine detail and color

• Pointed, scraggly teeth

• Social and have complex mating hierarchies, mating rituals, and cooperative hunting strategies

Bull shark

• high width to length ratio

• Stout and blunt nose

• Dark gray countershading

• Highly aggressive due to high testosterone

• Able to survive in fresh and salt water