AP History Ch. 12

native-born white men over other groups

America's impressive economic growth in the early nineteenth century tended to benefit

appealed to men more than women

Migration to Oregon

the relatively treeless setting and rich soil made conditions favorable to farming

The population increased greatly in Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois between 1830 and 1860 because

granted ranchos-huge estates devoted to cattle raising-to New Mexican settlers

In the 1820s, Americans were beginning to trickle into thinly populated California; in an effort to increase Mexican migration to that area, the Mexican government

limitations on the geographic expansion of slavery

Abolitionists in the 1840s and 1850s made their issue more attractive to white Northerners by

women's rights and suffrage

The convention at Seneca Falls in 1848 advocated

federal government's generous land policy

The increase in U.S. agriculture productivity in the 1840s and 1850s was fundamentally dependent on the

education offered another opportunity for Americans to achieve their potential through hard work and self-discipline

The free-labor ideal affected attitudes toward education in mid-nineteenth century America because

Germany or Ireland

A large influx of immigrants arrived in America between the years 1840 and 1860; three-fourths of them came from either

fostered iron production, coal production, and the telegraph industry

The growth of railroads in the 1850s

of sparse populations and hostile Native Americans

Mexico's northern borderlands were vulnerable to American expansionists partly because

individuals should not conform to the materialistic world

Transcendentalists believed that

Polk's aggression was an attempt to extend slavery

The Mexican-American War was called "Mr. Polk's War" by those who believed that

developed an efficient irrigation system and made the desert bloom through cooperative labor

Within ten years of arriving at the territory around the Great Salt Lake, the Mormon community

brought with them alcohol and diseases like smallpox, measles, cholera, and scarlet fever

The increasing number of white settlers traveling west in wagon trains during the mid-1800s brought devastation to the Plains Indians because whites

the American people's strong desire for more land

The idea of manifest destiny gained considerable support because of

realize that it would take military force to achieve manifest destiny

When Mexico refused the Polk administration's offer to buy Mexico's northern territories, the reaction of the United States was to

and most died from causes other than combat wounds

About 13,000 American soldiers died during the war with Mexico

entered at the bottom rung of the free-labor ladder as wage laborers or domestic servants

In contrast to the Germans, Irish immigrants in the 1840s and 1850s often

the movement of Americans from farms to cities, where they found jobs working in factories

One of the factors that fueled economic growth in the United States during the mid-1800s was

via the underground railroad

Behind the scenes, Harriet Tubman and other free blacks helped fugitive slaves escape from the South

Americans had the God-given right to expand their superior civilization across the continent

In 1845, New York journalist and armchair expansionist John L. O'Sullivan coined the term manifest destiny, by which he meant that

the annexation of Texas

The dominant issue in the 1844 presidential election campaigns was

gold

In the late 1840s and early 1850s massive numbers of immigrants poured into California seeking

entrepreneurs who supplied the miners

In addition to some miners, the gold rush in California benefited

made it possible for hired laborers to become self-employers and property owners

The "free-labor" system touted in the North and West in the 1840s and 1850s affirmed an egalitarian vision of human potential, and proponents claimed that the system

it hoped to discourage any more American settlers from coming to the area

In 1829, Mexico outlawed the introduction of additional slaves in Texas because

through a joint resolution of Congress offering Texas admission to the United States

Just prior to James K. Polk's taking office in 1845, President Tyler was successful in obtaining the annexation of Texas

competitive, violent, and unhealthy, but growing rapidly

The Gold Rush created a social environment that was

Whigs

The group most outspoken in its opposition to war with Mexico were the

John Deere's steel plow

Agricultural productivity in the Midwest increased in the late 1830s partly because of

did not mesh with the economic inequalities of the times and led to a restless and mobile society

The free-labor ideal of the 1840s and 1850s

only after fierce fighting and much bloodshed

Texans gained their independence from Mexico in 1836

were famine and deteriorating economic conditions in their mother countries, along with the opportunities in America for skilled artisans

Among the reasons why immigrants left their homelands for the United States in the 1840s and 1850s

He renewed an old offer to divide Oregon along the forty-ninth parallel, and the British accepted

How was President Polk able to add Oregon to U.S. holdings?

workers were in limited supply and thus more expensive

Unlike European manufacturers in the first half of the nineteenth century, American manufacturers were spurred to invent labor-saving methods and devices because

Southerners who brought cotton and slaves with them

The migrants who settled on the Texas land granted to Stephen F. Austin by Mexico in the 1820s were

slaves rising in insurrection against their masters

In 1843, Henry Highland Garnet advocated

Mexico refused to trade land for peace

President Polk's battle strategy misfired because

an increase in agricultural productivity

The most important factor behind the phenomenal American economic growth that occurred between 1840 and 1860 was

were persecuted by non-Mormons because of their religious practices and were forced to move on

Prior to emigrating west to the Great Salt Lake, Mormons

to occupy Mexico's northern provinces and win a couple of major battles, after which Mexico would sue for peace

President Polk directed the war with Mexico personally; his strategy to win the war was

gave up all claims to Texas above the Rio Grande and ceded the provinces of New Mexico and California to the United States

The Mexican-American War ended with the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, under the terms of which Mexico

public schools were integrated in Massachusetts

In 1855, African American leaders saw their most notable success to date when

steam engines began to be used as an energy source

During the 1840s and 1850s, U.S. factories were able to become more productive because

building forts along the trail and adopting the policy of "concentration" in dealing with Indians

When westbound settlers asked the government for protection from the Plains Indians, the government responded by

came from a privileged, slaveholding family

Mary Todd Lincoln

They thought women should stay home to raise their children and civilize their husbands

Why did politicians and editorialists oppose women's groups calling for the vote?

challenged sexual more through the practice of complex marriage

Members of the Oneida community

Texas would come into the Union as a slave state

Why did Congress refuse to annex Texas into the Union?