7.4, 7.5 & 7

Darwinism

Belief in the theory of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin, stating that species evolve over time through natural selection.

Natural Selection

The process by which species adapt to their environment; weaker individuals die out while stronger individuals survive.

The Origin of Species

A book by Charles Darwin outlining his theory of evolution and natural selection.

The Descent of Man

A book by Charles Darwin applying the principles of evolution and natural selection to the human race.

Social Darwinism

The application of the principles of natural selection to societal and social contexts, often used to justify social inequality.

Herbert Spencer

An English philosopher who applied Darwinian concepts to society, arguing that stronger societies would thrive while weaker ones would perish.

Real Relativism

The belief that truth is not absolute but relative, differing based on individual perspectives.

Modernism

An artistic and cultural movement that sought to break away from traditional forms and embrace new perspectives, often in response to advancements in science.

Irrationalism

A philosophy that emphasizes the irrational aspects of human nature and decisions, challenging Enlightenment rationalism.

Friedrich Nietzsche

A philosopher who argued that human behavior is driven more by passions and instincts than by reason.

Psychoanalysis

A psychological approach developed by Sigmund Freud that explores the connection between the subconscious and conscious mind.

Positivism

A philosophical system that advocates for knowledge derived through scientific verification and mathematics.

Romanticism

An artistic movement that valued emotion and individual experience over rationalism and neoclassical precision.

Realism

An artistic and literary movement focused on depicting everyday life and society as it truly is, often highlighting the lives of ordinary people.

Impressionism

An art movement that focused on depicting light and color to evoke an emotional response rather than precise realism.

Post-Impressionism

A movement that followed Impressionism, characterized by symbolic use of color and abstract forms.

Cubism

An avant-garde art movement that abstracted subjects into geometric shapes, often depicting multiple perspectives in a two-dimensional space.