Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology – Chapter 1: The Human Body – An Orientation

Fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering key definitions, systems, life functions, homeostatic mechanisms, and anatomical terminology from Chapter 1.

The study of the structure and shape of body parts is called __.

Anatomy

The study of how body parts work or function is called __.

Physiology

In biology, __ determines function.

structure

__ anatomy deals with large, easily observable structures.

Gross

Structures that can be viewed only with a microscope are studied in __ anatomy.

microscopic

The __ system forms the external body covering and synthesizes vitamin D.

integumentary

Blood cell formation occurs in the __ system.

skeletal

Muscle tissue’s only direct action is to __ (shorten).

contract

The fast-acting control system of the body is the __ system.

nervous

Regulatory hormones released into the blood are produced by the __ system.

endocrine

The __ system transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and wastes through blood.

cardiovascular

Leaked fluids are returned to the bloodstream by the __ system.

lymphatic

Supplying blood with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide is the job of the __ system.

respiratory

Food breakdown and nutrient absorption are functions of the __ system.

digestive

Eliminating nitrogenous wastes and maintaining acid-base balance are tasks of the __ system.

urinary

Producing offspring is the primary role of the __ system.

reproductive

The ability to sense changes and react is called __ (irritability).

responsiveness

All chemical reactions within the body are collectively termed __.

metabolism

The removal of wastes from the body is known as __.

excretion

An increase in body size and/or cell number is called __.

growth

Approximately 60–80 % of body weight is __, the medium for metabolic reactions.

water

The maintenance of a stable internal environment is referred to as __.

homeostasis

Most homeostatic control mechanisms use __ feedback.

negative

Positive feedback in the body is seen during blood clotting and __.

birth of a baby

Information from the receptor to the control center travels along the __ pathway.

afferent

Signals leaving the control center toward an effector travel along the __ pathway.

efferent

A sensor that detects environmental change is a __.

receptor

The standard reference posture for anatomical description is the __ position.

anatomical

The ventral surface of the body is also called the __ surface.

anterior

A section that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts is a __ (coronal) section.

frontal

A horizontal cut dividing the body into superior and inferior parts is a __ (cross) section.

transverse

The dorsal body cavity is subdivided into cranial and __ cavities.

spinal

The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the __ cavity.

abdominopelvic

The abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into four equal __.

quadrants

Dividing the abdominopelvic cavity with four planes produces __ regions.

nine

the study of ___, nature ___

ology, physio

Cut ___, Apart ___

tomy, ana

Levels of Structural Organization

atoms to molecules, cells made of molecules, tissues made of similar cells, organs made of different tissues. Organ system consist of different organs that work together, organism made of many organ systems

Forms the external body covering waterproof

integumentary

Cushions and protects deeper tissue from injury

Integumentary

Excretes salts and urea in sweat

Integumentary

Helps regulate temperature homeostasis

integumentary

Synthesizes vitamin D

Integumentary

Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

Integumentary

What are the contents of Integumentary System

Hair, Skin, Fingernails

Protects and supports body organ

Skeletal

Provides muscle attachment for movement

Skeletal

Stores minerals

Skeletal

Parts of the Skeletal System

Joint, Bones, Cartilages

Allows locomotion

Muscular

Maintains posture

Muscular

Produces heat

Muscular

Three main Types or Muscles

skeletal, smooth, cardiac muscles

Fast-acting control system

Nervous

Responds to internal and external change

Nervous

Activates muscles and glands

Nervous

Contents of the Nervous System

Brain, Sensory Receptor, Spinal Column

Secretes regulatory hormones into the blood that target distant organs

Endocrine

Growth • Reproduction • Metabolism– food use by cells

Endocrine

Types of Glands in the Endocrine System

Pineal, Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Thymus, Adrenal, Pancreas, Testis, Ovary

Contents of the Cardiovascular System

Heart and Blood Vessels

Disposes of debris

Lymphatic

Houses cells involved in immunity

Lymphatic

Contents in the Lymphatic System

Thoracic duct, Lymph nodes, Lymphatic vessels

Contents in the Respiratory System

Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchus, Lungs

Where gas exchange happens

Alveoli

Breaks down food beginning in the mouth and ending in the small intestine

Digestive

Allows for nutrient absorption into blood to be sent to the body and Eliminates indigestible material

Digestive

Contents of Digestive System

Oral Cavity, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus

Regulation of materials • Water • Electrolytes- salts

Urinary

Contents of Urinary System

Kidney, Ureter, Urinary Bladder, Urethra

Contents of Reproductive System (Male)

Seminal Vesicles, Prostate Gland, Penis, Vas Deferens, Testis, Scrotum

Contents of Reproductive System (Female)

Mammary Glands(in breasts), Uterine tube, Ovary, Uterus, Vagina

Organ systems do not work in ____ but work ___ to promote the well-being of the entire body

isolation, together

What life function: Inside remains distinct from outside– skin and cell membranes

Maintain Boundaries

What life function: • Locomotion

• Movement of substances within the body

Movement

What life Function: Ability to sense changes (stimuli) and react

Responsiveness- irritability

What life Function: Break-down and delivery of nutrients

Digestion

What life Function: chemical reactions within the body

• Breakdown of macromolecules

• Production of energy- ATP

• Making body structures

Metabolism

What life Function: Elimination of waste from digestion and metabolic reactions from the body

Excretion

What life Function: Production of future generation– cellular or organismal level

Reproduction

What life function: Increasing of cell size and number

Growth

All must be in appropriate amounts too little or too much is harmful

Survival Needs

Chemicals for energy and cell building

Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats), vitamins, and minerals

Nutrients

Required for chemical reactions such as makingATP

Oxygen

60–80% of body weight

Provides for metabolic reaction

Most reactions take place only in an aqueous solution

Water

What kind of body temperature is needed

Stable

___ must be appropriate • Breathing and gas exchange depends on

Atmospheric pressure

Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium

Homeostasis

___must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life

Homeostasis

a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

Homeostatic imbalance

In Homeostasis, The body communicates through ___ and ___ control systems

neural/nervous and hormonal/endocrine

Type of sensor that responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)

Sends information (input) to control center

Information flows along the afferent pathway to the control center

Receptor

Determines set point level

Analyzes information received

Determines appropriate response

Control center

Provides a means for response (output) to the stimulus

Information flows along the efferent pathway from the control center

Effector

• Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms

• Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity

• Works like a household thermostat

Negative Feedback

Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther

Positive Feedback

Two subdivisions of dorsal body cavity

Spinal and Cranial

What are the nine separate regions in the abdominopelvic Region

Umbilical, Epigastric, Hypogastric, Hypochandriac left and right, Lumbar Left and Right, Iliac left and right

What are the 4 quadrants of the abdominopelvic regions

Right upper quadrant, Left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant