AP Psych

Psychological evidence 0.1 - VOCAB

Operational definition (AAQ)

Turning a concept or idea into something that can be measured.

Generalizability (AAQ)

The extent to which the findings of th researcg apply to the population. [Psycological Evidence]

Population (AAQ)

The full group of people the researcher wants to understand. [Psycological Evidence]

Sample (AAQ)

The people who actually participate (in the research). [Psycological Evidence]

Representative sample (AAQ)

The sample representes the population (randomly chosen). [Psycological Evidence]

Qualitative research

Produces words, narratives, or observations. Can reveal the meaning and context numbers miss.

Quantitative research

Produces numerical measurements. Supports statistical summaries and comparissons.

Structures interview

Questioners that follow a specific structure (like surveys)

Self-report bias

Answers may be inaccurate because memory, insight, or willingness is limited.

Social-desirability bias

Participants answer in ways they believe will look acceptable or favorable.

Case study (AAQ)

Rich description; limited generalization. [Research methods]

Meta-analysis (AAQ)

Overall pattern across evidence. [Research methods]

Naturalistic observation (AAQ)

Description without manipulation. [Research methods]

Correlation (AAQ)

Association, not causation. [Research methods]

Institutional review (AAQ)

A comitee of people that are responsable for approving a research. [Research ethic]

Informed consent (AAQ)

Adults understand participation and choose freely. Puropse/risks/rights explained. [Research ethic]

Informed assent (AAQ)

Minors (and their legal representatives) agree to participate in the study. [Research ethic]

Protection from harm (AAQ)

Risk is minimized and justified. Right to withdraw, risk controls. [Research ethic]

Confidentiality (AAQ)

Identities are protected in storage/reporting. [Research ethic]

Debriefing (AAQ)

Puropse and deception are explained afterward. [Research ethic]

Descriptive statistics

Summarizes the data that are collected. [Describing data]

Central tendency

Mean, median, mode (descriptive statistics) [Describing data]

Percentile rank

The percentage of scores at or below a given score. [Describing data]

Mean (AAQ)

Average. Add all the points, then divide by the number of data points. [Describing data]

Median (AAQ)

Number in the middle. If odd, then the number in the middle, if even, add two values on the middle and divide by 2. [Describing data]

Mode (AAQ)

The number that repeats the most. If more than 1 number repeats put them all. [Describing data]

Range (AAQ)

Highest number minus smallest number. [Describing data]

Variation (AAQ)

Range and standard deviation (descriptive statistics). [Describing data]

Standard deviation (AAQ)

Typical distance of scores from the mean; larger values indicate more spread. [Describing data]