Sex Love Agression Exam 1

intracrine mediation (communication)

signal acts INSIDE same cell that produced it

autocrine mediation

signal acts on same cell that produced it

paracrine mediation

signal acts on nearby/adjacent cells

endocrine mediation

endocrine cells secrete chemicals into blood stream

general features of endocrine system

endocrine glands are ductless

endocrine glands have a rich blood supply

hormones secreted in bloodstream

how are lipid soluble hormones different?

lipid soluble hormones can travel straight thru cell membrane and can bind to receptors inside the cell

example of endocrine deficiency despite high hormone levels

either due to clinical conditions OR receptor downregulation due to too much cortisol etc

example of endocrine excess

elevated receptor levels, if target tissue has more receptors than isual normal hormone level can produce exaggerated effects. ex: ER in endometriotic tissue

hypothalamus

controls pituitary gland

posterior pituitary

STORES and RELEASES hormones made in hypothalamus. resevoir for oxytocin, vasopressin (made in HT)

thyroid

metabolism, energy use, growth and development. lowers blood calcium

parathyroid glands

increases blood calcium

adrenal gland

stress, blood pressure, fight or flight. sits above kidneys

pancreas

blood sugar control

gut

digestion, appetite, blood sugar

gonads

reproduction and sex hormones

adipose tissue

energy storage + metabolism appetite/symbolism

protein + peptide hormones

made of amino acid building blocks. loger chain protein, shorter chain peptide

What is metabolism?

The set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.

What is biological half-life?

The time for the concentration of a substance to reduce by 50%.

What determines the biological half-life of a substance?

The size, specifically the number of amino acids.

hypothalmaic hormones

neurosecretory cells release neurohormones into blood vessels rather than synapse.

hypothlamic releasing hormones

Thyrotropin releasing hormone - stimulates release of thyroid stimulating hormone

growth hormone releasing hormone - provokes growth hormone to release

GnRH (regulates follicule stimulating hormone

CRH (stimulates ACTH)

hypothalamic inhibiting hormones

somatosatin - reduces growth hormone secretion

Gonadotropin inhibiting hormone (GnIH) inhibits release of GnRH and gonadotropins

other hypothalamic hormones

dopamine (prolacitin inhibitory hormone)

hypocretin/orexin (wakefulness, appetite)

anterior pituitary

regulates other endocrine glands thru protein hormone axon terminals from hypothalamus

hypophyseal system

communication system between hypothalamus and pituitary gland

AP hormones

lutenizing hormone (stimulate steroid production + gamete maturation in gomads)

TSH (regulates thyroid)

growth hormone (stimulates somatic growth)

growth hormone

stimulates adipose cells tobreak down stored fat, fueling growth effects. stress, sleep, excercise, fasting promote secretion

prolactin

promotes lactation + hundreds of other functions across species, inhibited by PIH. no prolactin releasing hormone, prolactin releasing peptide

Vasopressin (ADH) (AVP)

control of osmotic balance, acts on receptors in kidneys to increase water reabsorption. (alcohol reduces ADH)

thyroid and parathyroid are highly

vascularized.

C-Cells

endocrine cells in the thyroid that secrete calcitonin which lowers blood calcium levels

parathyroid releases

parathyroid hormone which increases blood calcium levels

both CT and PTH are regulated by _____, with no anterior pituitary involvement

blood calcium levels

pancreas is innervated by

vagus nerve

islets of langerhans

endocrine tissue in pancreas

pancreatic horomones - beta cells

produce insulin. only homrone to REDUCE blood sugar levels. receptors in body and brain

insulin signals cells to take up _____ from blood

glucose

pancreatic hormones - alpha cells

produce glucagon, acts in liver, acts in opposition to insulin by increasing blood glucose levels

pancreatic hormones - delta cells

release somatostatin, inhibits release of insulin

pancreatic polypeptide

released from F or PP cells, released by protein, fasting, excercise

epsilon cells in the ____ release ghrelin which stimulates ____

pancreas, appetite

3 goals of gastrointestinal hormones

coordinate digestion, regulate gastric emptying, signal nutrient arrival to pancreas + brain

when acidic food enters stomach duodenal mucuous cells release _______ which travel to pancreas and release bicarbonate from exocrine cells

secretin

how did bayliss discover secretin?

Acid was placed in a dog's small intestine → the pancreas released digestive juice. They discovered a chemical messenger (secretin) from the intestine traveled through the blood to stimulate the pancreas

what does digestive enzyme CCK do?

causes release of digestive enzymes from pancreatic exocrine cells, contraction of gallbladder

ghrelin

stimulates release of GHRH, stimulates appetite

glucagon-like-peptide 1

stimulates release of insuln, increases satiety

2 main gonadal functions

produce gametes, production of hormones

where does spermatogenesis take place?

seminiferous tubules

sertoli cells

in testes, have heads of nearly mature sperm embeddged for nourishment,

sertoli cells produce....

produce inhibin and acitivin which regulates FSH

leydig cells are in the __ and produce

testes, steroid hormones

each follicle contains a developing

ovum

theca cells produce___ and are in the _____

steroid hormones, ovaries

granulosa cells produce ____ and are in the ____

inhibin + activin, ovaries

What forms from the remnants of the ovarian follicle after ovulation?

Corpus luteum

What hormones does the corpus luteum secrete?

Progestin and relaxin

What happens to the corpus luteum if there is no pregnancy?

It breaks down and hormone levels fall, causing menstruation

ovarian stroma

supportive connective tissue

mullerion inhibitory hormones are in the ____ and inhibit the ___

testes, mullerion ducts

inhibin in the _____ and does ____

ovaries and testes, feeds back from to block FSH release from anterior pituitary

immunoassays

a technique using antibodies and radioactive ligands, measures by using competitve binding of antibody to cell

immunohistorhcmeistry

uses antibodies to label hormones/receptors in tissue

blots

used to determine whether a specific protein or nucleic acid is present in tissue sample

in situ hybridization

identifying cells or tissues producting RNA molecules, can tell if a protein is being producd, can be quantified

fMRI

detects changes in neural activity during specific condition

ablation + replacement

removal of suspected hormone source, effects of removal observed, hormone is replaced

pharmacological techniques

introducing an agent that inhibits/promotes hormone action.

agonist

binds to receptor and mimics action of hormone

antagonist

binds to the receptor of a hormone but does not activate it

routes of hormone administration

peripherally thru injection, centrally thru cannulation, cathetirization, pills/patches

electrical stimulation

weak electrical current is passed through an electrode to turn on surrounding neurons

optogenetics

engineered opsins that respond to specific wavelengths of light

ChR2 responds to ___ light and is ______(excitatory/inhibitory)

blue, excitatory

NpHR responds to ____ and is _____ (excitatory/inhibitory)

inhibitory

genetic manipulations - knockout

engineered so specific gene has been deactivated (gene encoding hormone or receptor)

genetic manipulations - transgenic

engineered so there is an overexpression of a specific gene

genetic manipulations - CRSIPR

gene editing tool that allow DNA sequences to modify gene functions

activin is in the ______ and does ______

ovaries and testes, stimulates FSH release and aromatase activity in ovaries

relaxin

produced by the corpora luteas at the end of pregnancy to relax pelvic ligaments in preparation for labor

human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg) is in the ___ and does ____

placenta, maintain function for fetus

chorionic somatomammotropin (CS) is in the ____ and does _____

placenta, initiates onset of maternal behavior

adipokine hormones are _____ and they ______

leptin - inhibits food intake, induce energy expenditure

adiponectin - reduces blood glucose

steroid hormones are different because...

they are fat-soluble and derived from cholesterol

steroid hormones primarily produced in...

brain, gonads, adrenals

b/c steroid hormones not stored in cell, can be _____ between signal for production and release

hours

pregnenolone is a ____ and precursor to all other steroid homrones

progestin

progestins are named for ...

pro-gestational actions in maintaining pregnancy

what hormone does the zona glomeruolosa (adrenal cortex) produce?

aldosterone (help kidneys retain salt and water)

what hormone does the zona fasciculata (adrenal cortex) produce?

cortisol (regulates blood sugar)

what hormone does the zona reticularis (adrenal cortex) produce?

androgens like DHEA+ androstenedione (precursors for stronger sex hormones)

glucocorticoids are ____ (steroids/peptide protein) ____ is the main one in humans

steroids, cortisol

some corticoids mediate _____ and ____ metabolism

ion exchange, water

androgens are _____ (steroids or proteinpeptide). major androgen is ______

steroid, testosterone

androstenedione is produced in the _____ and are an androgen

adrenals

roles of androgens

spermatogenesis, male sex characteritsics, behaviors, matabolism, ovarian function

estrogens are a _____ (steroid/proteinpeptide). the ovaries produce _____ which are rapidly converted to estrogen

steroid, androgensr

what is aromatase?

an enzyme that converts androgen to estrogen