D570 Cog Psych Prep

What is a primary concern of behaviorism according to John Watson?

Identifying the relationship between environmental stimuli and behavior

What is measured by the paper folding test?

Spatial imagery

Which concept supports the paired-associate learning results?

Conceptual peg hypothesis which suggests that concrete words can be more easily remembered when they serve as a mental anchor for other items.

Which component of Broadbent’s flow diagram of the mind blocks unattended messages?

Filter

What is mental imagery?

The ability to recreate sensory information without physical stimuli

Which evidence disproves Aristotle’s assertion that “thought is impossible without an image”?

People who cannot visualize images are still capable of thinking

Which stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory does an individual begin to understand mathematical reasoning?

Concrete Operational

Which term describes a child’s tendency to fixate on just one aspect of a problem or object, according to Piaget

Centration

Which stage in Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development is represented by a child’s ability to mentally represent objects and events with words and images?

Preoperational Stage

Which kind of intelligence reflects abilities drawn from experience?

Crystallized Intelligence

What is a component of psychosocial development?

Personality

Which mental framework is used in learning, according to Piaget?

Schemas

Which cortex of the frontal love is activated when someone determines whether another person appears to be physically attractive?

Frontal cortex

What is the electrical impulse fired down the axon of a neuron?

Action potential

Which part of a neuron transports an electrical signal?

Axon

A child reads the following incorrect sentence: “The car was traveling down the hills were beautiful.”

Which cognitive process illustrates the garden model of parsing?

The child changes their mind from the subject being the car to the hills

A student reads these two sentences: A dog was running. It slipped and fell.

Which thought process is an example of an anaphoric inference?

The student infers that the word “it” refers to the dog

A child reads the following incorrect sentence: “The car was traveling down the hills were beautiful.”

Which cognitive process illustrates causal inference?

The child infers that the hills being beautiful are caused by the motion of the moving car.

Why is establishing common ground important to conversations?

It aids in having an engaging discussion

Which conversation between two students demonstrates the process of entrainment?

The students both start speaking loudly and gesturing

Which property of words contributes to the word frequency effect?

How often a word is used within a language

While studying in a noisy coffee shop, a student is able to focus solely on their textbook, tuning out the surrounding conversations and background music.

Which cognitive phenomenon does this scenario illustrate?

Selective attention

A person is enjoying a day at the beach. They hear children playing, see the ocean waves, feel the warm sun, taste the salty air, and smell sunscreen.

Which state of consciousness is this person experiencing?

Wakeful state

How does rotating shift affect consciousness?

It can affect a person’s sleep regulation, leading to insomnia and fatigue

Which statement describes circadian rhythm in the sleep-wake cycle and consciousness?

Circadian rhythms regulate the sleep-wake cycle and impact alertness

Which types of tasks have revealed cognitive deficits in people with a substance abuse disorder?

Working memory tests

Which test measures brain activity to determine a person’s stage of sleep or consciousness?

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

What does the Stroop interference task use to demonstrate a slower reaction time?

By displaying color words in different color fonts

A kindergarten student is trying to solve a handheld maze. The student focuses on the last step of the maze, causing them to miss earlier steps.

What process describes why the student has a difficult time discovering the first step required to solve the maze?

Fixations causes the student to focus too much on the last part of the maze and to overlook important steps at the beginning

A teenager’s car wont start because the battery is drained after leaving the headlights on overnight. He realizes he needs jumper cables after recalling a childhood memory of his parents jump-starting the family car after the battery died.

Which recognition and memory retrieval processes were involved in this problem-solving?

Noticing, mapping, and applying

Which example demonstrates Newell and Simon’s approach to problem solving?

A person planning an event makes a list of to-dos and begins working on one task at a time until they are all completed

Which example demonstrates the importance of how a problem statement is presented for effective problem solving?

A person reads a prompt for an essay question and notices that the teacher used certain language, which helped the person eliminate incorrect answers

A student started a new club for their school and is thinking of ways to increase participation.

Which scenario is based on the student’s use of analogical transfer?

The student uses colorful flyers to advertise the club because they remember that this strategy previously led to increased school voting

A musician is having a difficult time composing a new song. They spend a week camping alone in the mountains, completing the song while in the wilderness.

How can the musician’s solitude contribute to this creativity and solve the problem?

The musician could avoid distractions and find space to think, allowing them to generate new ideas

What is the relationship between open monitoring meditation and creativity?

Open monitoring meditation is associated with enhanced creativity because it causes greater activation of the default mode network

A basketball coach is judging two potential players for recruitment and presumes that the taller athlete is more talented than the shorter one

What thought process does the coach utilize?

A stereotype about height and performance

A first year university student readily makes new friends with their engineering classmates. The student assumes that all engineers must be outgoing like their classmates.

How does this case demonstrate misuse of the representativeness heuristic?

The student shows a bias involving a small sample size of the population

Some states apply rules such as, “If a citizen reaches the age of 16, then they must obtain a driver’s license.”

How does deductive reasoning govern such rules?

By applying permission schemas

Which conclusion is drawn from performance on conditional reasoning tasks, such as the Wason four-card problem?

Performance improves when problems are stated in real-world terms

Why do humans naturally gravitate towards using the oblique effect when constructing our own environments?

Because horizontal and verticals occur more frequently in the natural world

How do intentions influence mirror neurons?

Mirror neurons address the cause of actions, and respond with varying degrees of activity based on intentions and context

A community construction project is proposed in two different ways to an environmentally conscious audience. Group A is told that only 20% of the trees will be torn down, while Group B is told that 80% of the trees will be saved.

Which statement accurately describes the groups’ anticipated responses to the community project, based on the principles of the framing effect?

Group B is more likely to favor the project since the focus is on retention and gain of 80% of the trees, rather than the 20% loss of trees

A student is in a study lounge watching a video for class and can fully focus on the video despite people chatting in the background and a clock loudly ticking

How does the student process different stimuli in order to focus on the desired task?

The student filters stimuli through the cocktail party effect

A person plans to attend a reception later that night and needs to select an outfit for the event.

Which statement demonstrates an automatic decision for the person?

They quickly decide on an outfit they typically wear to events without being consciously aware that they selected it

How did Strayer and Johnston’s research influence the study of attention?

By demonstrating that both attention and response time are negatively impacted by talking on a mobile device while driving

A researcher presents a video of a street intersection and asks that participants count how many people walked through the intersection. In the video, a limousine passes through the intersection.

Which example would demonstrate inattentional blindness?

Some participants do not notice the limousine because they are focused on the people

A hiker walks along a trail looking for a spot for a picture when an unseen snake hisses from the nearby woods.

Which statement is true regarding the hiker’s ability to notice the snake?

They will notice the snake’s hiss if they recognize it as a danger signal

Why is binding important in attention?

Binding makes it possible to perceive a whole object rather than a collection of its parts

A traveler can attend to what the hotel’s concierge says about lunch options based on how loudly they are speaking, while disregarding other verbal communications happening in the noisy lobby

How is Broadbent’s model of attention used in this scenario?

The traveler uses filtering to focus on the lunch options over the lobby noise

Which example shows how sensory memory results in the persistence of vision when watching fireworks?

Fireworks appear as falling trails of light due to iconic memories lasting fractions of a second

Which explanation shows how multiple forms of memory would contribute to effective execution of a mental math problem?

Numbers are held in short-term memory and manipulations are conducted on the numbers in working memory when solving the math problems

Which scenario exemplifies how the articulatory rehearsal process contributes to a student’s short-term memory for course lecture material, according to Baddeley’s model?

The student repeats silently what their instructor has said before writing it down concisely on paper

A person is trying to recall the names of a set of seven actors whose pictures were briefly presented upside down

What explains how the episodic buffer enhances working memory in this scenario?

The episodic buffer connects with long-term memory of the actors’ faces and names, bringing content into working memory

How does activity-silent working memory help performance on mental rotation problems?

Strengthening of connections between neurons helps performance on mental rotation problems

How is the primary effect related to attention for a set of words presented sequentially?

The first words presented receives the person’s full attention

Which examples shows Westmacott and Moscovitch’s concept of autobiographically significant semantic memories?

A person recalls the name of the actor that they saw in the airport years ago

A person went on a trip to the ocean

Which example shows the concept of autobiographical memory as an integration of episodic and semantic memories for this scenario?

The person remembers jumping in the waves and the outdoor temperature that day

A person is studying a list of the types of fish for a wildlife test that will occur in one week

Which example illustrates the combined long-term memory encoding strategies of visual imagery and organization?

The person imagines each fish on a tree structure corresponding to categories of fish types

How does the generation effect relate to attention in a paired-associate task?

Having participants engage in word completion focused attention longer on each word pair, compared to shallow word processing

Which stimuli are remembered best in long-term memory task according to Nairne’s evolutionary theory of encoding?

Stimuli judged as useful for providing protection

Which example shows the difference between the standard model of consolidation and the multiple trace model of consolidation regarding encoding episodic memories about a trip to a lake?

The standard model of consolidation argues that the hippocampus is involved only in the early development of lake trip memories, but the multiple trace model argues that the hippocampus remains active in long-term trip memories

A person is studying a list of names of pastries for their new job at a bakery

Which example shows the interaction between the deep processing strategies of generation and self-reference?

The person creates flashcards for the names of pastries, pairing each with an estimate of how appetizing the pastry appears

What has research determined about how the association between neutral language or profanity and enhanced memory?

Arousing words that reference profanity or explicit content are more memorable than neutral words

Which example demonstrates the application of Bartlett’s repeated reproduction when a student is tested on course content?

A student discusses the content in their study guide four times, then five times, daily for two days before a test to concisely recall the information

Which example represents the Proust effect?

A person smells freshly chopped wood and recalls a cabin vacations with their family

Which significant findings did the “War of Ghosts” experiment demonstrate regarding the effect of repeated reproduction on recall?

Increased time passage led to greater inaccuracies and omissions in recall of the stories based on cultural context

A person surprises themself in recalling the name of an artist most have not heard of

Which process occurs when the person tries to remember how they learned of that fact?

Source monitoring

Which factor affects the accuracy and reliability of eyewitness testimony?

Eyewitnesses may not see all aspects of a given incident

Researchers Robert Nash and Kimberley Wade ran an experiment in which participants played a gambling game on a computer and were later shown a modified video of themselves cheating

What did this experiment reveal about false confessions?

Participants confessed to cheating after being shown the modified video, even though they did not recall cheating, indicating the power of suggestive questioning and manipulated evidence

Which example reflects the impact of the self-image hypothesis?

A person remembers graduating from law school