UTZ Prelim

Ultrasound

employs high frequency sound waves

Ultrasound

Sound waves with frequencies above the normal human range of hearing

Ultrasound

Sound waves with frequencies above 20,000 Hz.

mechanical and longitudinal

Ultrasound is technically a ______ and ______ wave

2-10 MHz

frequency of medical UTZ

1 ms

Duration of the pulse is about ____

1000 times per second

pulses are repeated about ______

high intensity

Strong echoes are said to be

Strong echoes

appear as brighter dots on the screen

Transducer

A device that converts mechanical energy from and to electric energy

Relatively low cost of equipment

Non-ionizing and safe

Scanning can be performed in any plane

Can be repeated frequently

Detection of blood flow, cardiac and fetal movement

Portable equipment

Aids biopsy and drainage procedure

ADVANTAGES OF ULTRASOUND

Operator dependent

Inability of sound to cross interface with gas or bone causing unsatisfactory visualization of underlying structure

Scattering of sound in the presence of fat`

DISADVANTAGES OF ULTRASOUND

coronal section

saggital section

transverse section

Lazzaro Spallanzani

He experimented with bats and found that the maneuvered through the air using the hearing rather than sight.

ecolocation

the use of sound waves to determine distances or locate objects

Lazzaro Spallanzani

forms the basis for ultrasound physics

1793

Lazzaro Spallanzani discovered that bats navigate themselves with the help of sound whistles while flying in darkness.

SONAR

A system that uses the reflection of underwater sound waves to detect objects.

piezoelectric crystal

An integral component of the ultrasound transducer that converts electrical energy into sound energies of various frequencies above the human audible range. These crystals also convert sound energy (echoes) into electrical signals that become the sonographic image

Radio Detection and Ranging

RADAR

Sound Navigation and Ranging

SONAR

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

LASER

20 Hz

the lowest frequency humans can hear

1540 m/s

Speed of sound in soft tissue

Jean-Daniel Colladon

Swiss physicist/engineer who discovered sonography with an underwater bell in 1826. He accurately determined the speed of sound.

1826

Jean-Daniel Colladon, Swiss physicist/engineer who discovered sonography with an underwater bell

Pierre & Jacques Curie

discovered piezoelectricity

Pierre & Jacques Curie

They observed that an electric potential would be produced when mechanical pressure was exerted on a quartz crystal . This gave us the ability to create ultrasonic waves.

Transducer

A device that converts electric energy to ultrasound energy and vice versa

1880

The first scientific publication describing the phenomenon

Tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane sugar and Rochelle salt

Crystals in experiment of Pierre & Jacques Curie

Paul Langevin

He invented the hydrophone to detect icebergs. The hydrophone was later used to detect submarines in World War I. This marked a significant milestone in the history of ultrasound.

1912

After the sinking of the Titanic, Paul Lagevin invented the hydrophone to detect iceberg.

1912

The sinking of the Titanic inspires Paul Langevin and Constantinoski to invent an ultrasound machine to detect iceberg.

Dr. Karl Dussik

An Austrian psychiatrist, who was the first to use ultrasound pictures in an attempt to diagnose brain tumors in the late 1930s.

Hyperphonography

First procedure done by Dr. Karl Dussik using ultrasound pictures in an attempt to diagnose brain tumors

heat sensitive paper

Dr. Karl Dussik used _____ paper to record echoes

1942

First to use ultrasound as a diagnostic tool to locate brain tumor and the cerebral ventricles.

neurologist

Dr. Karl Dussik is a _____from the University of Vienna.

Dr. George Ludwig

In 1940s, he was the first records and studied the difference in sound waves as they traveled through tissues, organs, muscles and gallstones in animals.

1948

Dr. George Ludwig was the first records and studied the difference in sound waves as they traveled through tissues, organs, muscles and gallstones in animals.

Amplitude

A mode

343 m/s

speed of sound

hydro

water

sound

phone

Inge Edler and Hellmuth Hertz

in 1953, they performed the first successful echocardiogram by employing an echocardiogram test control device from a Siemens shipyard.

1953

Inge Edler and Hellmuth Hertz performed the first successful echocardiogram by employing an echocardiogram test control device from a Siemens shipyard.

Dr. Ian Donald

During World War II, he became interested in radar and sonar.

Dr. Ian Donald

Father of Obstetric Ultrasound.

Dr. Ian Donald

He also invented the B-mode scanner, and he was able to detect a twin pregnancy.

1958

Dr Ian Donald, during World War Two, invented the B-mode scanner.

Douglas Howry and Joseph Holmes

In the 1950s and 1960s they improved the B mode scanner. Up until then, the patient had to be submerged and water to produce images.

Douglas Howry and Joseph Holmes

They invented a transducer that was put in direct contact with the patient.

Bright mode

B-mode

amplitude

height or loudness of the wave

velocity

speed of the wave

wavelength

distance traveled by a wave in a single cycle

cycle

repetition of the back and forth motion of the motion of the molecules

amplitude

wavelength

inversely proportional

wavelength is _____ proportional to frequency

time

measurement of cycle

low frequency

frequency used for deeper structure

high frequency

frequency used for superficial structure

high frequency

frequency who exhibits high quality image

3.5 probe

used for abdominal UTZ

refraction

bouncing back or reflection of the sound wave

shorter wavelength

wavelength that gives BETTER RESOLUTION, CLEARER IMAGE and MORE DETAILS on the screen

focusing

Ultrasound waves can be focused either by lenses and mirrors or electronically in composite transducers.

narrow focused beam

images a thin section of tissue, gives better detail and sharper resolution

unfocused beam

gives hazy images

composite focus

Variable focal length which can be adjusted to the required depth.

annular array sector transducer

adjustable focusing in all planes

narrow acoustic beam

thinner image section, high quality, clearer image and have more information

fixed focal distance

Most transducers have a _______ in at least one plane

annular array sector transducer

The only transducer who have an adjustable electronic focus in all planes.

latitude

range of contrast

short latitude

have fewer shades of grey and more details

long latitude

more shades of grey

21 shades of grey

visible shades of grey human eye can see

hyper

high

iso

mid

hypo

low

echoic

term that describes memory of sounds

dense

term used in CT scan

intense

term used in MRI

radiolucent

radiopaque

terms used in xray

attenuation

partial or total absorption of the energy of an x-ray beam as it traverses an object

higher frequency

more absorbed and scattered