APSC exam 3 prep

Scrotum

skin sac that surrounds, supports, and protects the testes

Sperm

made up of a head, mid piece, and tail

Motility

sperms ability to move around, this is important for fertility

Spinal plasma

non cellular portion of semen

papillae

mating organs that transfer sperm (usually hens) to oviduct

meiosis

type of cell divison that reduces the number of chromosomes by half, produces four gamete cells

uterus

generally Y shaped, this is the growing site of the embryo and fetus

vulva

external opening

estrous cycle

hormonally controlled cycle of events from one heat period to the next

seasonally polyestrous

cycles only during certain times of the year

embryo transfer

implant embryo transfer into a surrogate or female recipient

gestation

time period where a female is pregnant, usually 3 trimesters

breech

this is the baby’s position during birth when they come out feet first

testicle

primary male reproductive organ, produces spermatozoa, hormones, proteins, and fluids

semen

combination of sperm and associated fluid

morphology

study of the shape and structure of sperm cells, which can impact male fertility

vascular penis

fills with blood in order to become erect (human, stallion, dogs, and cats)

oocyte

egg, this is the females DNA contribution during meiosis

ovary

produces oocytes, estrogen, and progesterone

cervix

protects oocytes, estrogen, and progesterone

hormone

chemical messenger that travels in the blood to affect other cells

corpus luteum

“yellow body” mass of cells at the site of ovulated follicles

anestrous

time period when female is not cycling (when out of season or after giving birth)

in vitro fertilization

similar to embryo transfer where oocyte is collected from ovary and is fertilized in a petri dish. This is later transferred into the recipient once its weeks old

parturition

act of giving birth

epididymis

sac used for sperm storage and maturation, it has 3 sections

haploid

has ½ total number of chromosomes of other body cells

vas deferens

tube to transport mature sperm from epididymis and into the urethra, also know as spermatic chord

fibroelastic penis

uses muscles to become erect (boar, bull, ram, and buck)

zona pellucida

thick transparent membrane surrounding a egg cell /mammalian ovum before implantation

oviduct

site of fertilization and connects ovary to uterus

avian oviduct is made up of:

infundibulum, magnum, and isthmus

vagina

connects the uterus to the outside of the body, this is the site of semen deposition for most animals

estrus

recurring period of sexual receptivity and fertility in many female mammals, basically when they’re in heat

polyestrous

continue to cycle until they become pregnant (humans, cows, sows, and bitches)

placentation

attachment of chorion (membrane around fetus) onto the uterus

dystocia

the name for a difficult birth

major parts of the male reproductive system

scrotum, testicles, and epididymis

Eutrophication

when bodies of water have too much nutrients which can cause excessive alage growth 

CAFO

concentrated animal feeding operations 

Innate behavior

normal actions/behavior an animal does without having to be taught

habituation

reduced response to repetitive stimuli

associative behavior

responds to reinforcement or punishment

positive reinforcement

encourages a behavior by adding a desirable stimulus after the behavior occurs

negative reinforcement

strategy that increases a desired behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus when the behavior occurs

sentience

the ability to experience feelings and sensations, such as pain or pleasure

instinct

animals initial reaction to a novel stimulus

learned behavior

behavior developed due to environmental conditions

classical conditioning

external stimulus is associated with outcome

anthropomorphism

attributing human charecteristics to animals

imprinting

desire to attach to parent (like how ducklings attach to their mom)

observational behavior

actions learned through watching others

operant conditioning

association is made between behavior and response

positive punishment

undesirable stimulus is added after a behavior in order to decrease the likelihood of that behavior happening again

point of balance

imaginary line around their shoulder that, when manipulated, influences their movement

animal welfare

holds that animals may be used for the benefits of humans or other animals as long as they are being treated humanely

nutrient

substances that provides nourishment for growth and life

feedstuff

materials used in animal feed

ration

daily feed allotment

hindgut fermenter

single stomach, large cecum where fermentation occurs

chemical digestion

changing chemical structure of food

as fed

natural state of feed including water content

palatability

desirableness of a feed, affected by taste, smell, and texture

monogastric

single stomach that secretes acid, humans, pigs, and dogs

digestion

breakdown of food into smaller components that are more easily absorbed

absorption

movement of nutrients into a cell

ad libitum

free choice 

diet

type of feed an animal eats 

ruminant

multi chambered stomach that ferment feedstuffs, cattle, sheep, goats

mechanical digestion

physical breakdown of food

dry matter

everything left in food after water is removed