HLTH- Memory lecture

encoding specificity principle:

The encoding specificity principle (Tulving & Thomson, 1973) states that memory retrieval is most effective when the cues present at encoding are also present at retrieval

Procedural memory

Procedural memory is a type of long-term memory responsible for knowing how to do things, especially motor skills and habits.

👉 Examples: riding a bike,

Sensory memory

Sensory memory acts as a temporary holding area for incoming sensory information. Most of it fades quickly unless we pay attention, in which case it moves into short-term/working memory.

What is the capacity of sensory memory?

A2: Large capacity (can take in a lot of information at once).

What is the duration of sensory memory?

A3: Very short — from less than a second to a few seconds, depending on the sense.

What is iconic memory?

A4: Visual sensory memory, lasting about 0.5–2 seconds. 

eg- Seeing an afterimage after looking at a bright light.

What is echoic memory?

A6: Auditory sensory memory, lasting about 5–10 seconds.When someone speaks and you realize a moment later you actually heard it.

What is haptic memory?

A8: Tactile (touch) sensory memory, lasting about 1 second. eg- The brief lingering sensation after touching something hot or textured.

Chunking

increases the span (amount of information you can hold at once) in short-term memory.

Rehearsal

increases the duration (how long you can keep information active) in short-term memory.

what does Episodic Memory store

Memory of personal experiences and specific events, including the context of time and place.

example- First day at school

what does Procedural Memory store 

Memory for skills and actions—how to do things—without conscious awareness. 

example - Riding a bike , typing on a keyboard, or playing the piano.

what does Implicit Memory store…

Memory that influences behaviour without conscious awareness. Procedural memory is a subset of implicit memory. 

example: Anxiety from past event, Knowing how to tie your shoes automatically

what does Priming Memory store…

Prior exposure to a stimulus influences your response to a later stimulus without conscious awareness.

example: Hearing a song from childhood makes you remember related memories without actively thinking about them.

Interference Effect

Forgetting occurs because other information competes with or disrupts the memory.

Primacy Effect

Items presented at the beginning of a list are remembered better

Recency Effect

Items presented at the end of a list are remembered better.

Distinctiveness Effect (Von Restorff Effect)

An item that stands out from others is more likely to be remembered.

An item is easier to remember:

if it is connected to more associations.