Developmental Psychopathology

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Chapter 12

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29 Terms

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Diathesis-Stress Model

Highlights the interaction between a predisposition (vulnerability) and stressful life events in the development of psychological disorders - interplay of nature & nurture

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Major Depressive Disorder

Feeling profoundly depressed for at least 2 weeks

Depressed mood nearly every day & Greatly decreased interest/pleasure

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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Social communication impairments & restricted, repetitive behaviours

Must show signs from early childhood

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Social Motivation Theory

A theory suggesting individuals with ASD lack of typical interest in and responsiveness to social stimuli

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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity - lasts into adulthood

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Dementia

Deterioration neural functioning and cognitive decline

Rates increase steadily with age - not part of normal ageing

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Alzheimer's Disease

Most common forms of dementia

Senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain

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Cognitive Reserve

The brain's ability to withstand damage.

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Differentiate normal from abnormal behaviour

Statistical deviance (outside normal range)

Maladaptiveness (interfere with adaptation or pose a danger)

Personal distress (personal anguish/discomfort)

USE DSM-5

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Depression - Infancy

Uncommon, from disorganised attachment and learned helplessness

High risk can be predicted at 5 months (maternal depression, difficult temperament, family dysfunction, maternal self-efficacy)

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Depression - Child

Can meet criteria at age 3

Comorbid with other disorders, prone to anxiety, excessive shame/guilt, act out death/suicide in play, lack of interest, capable of attempting suicide

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Interventions for depression in the child

CBT (must be altered to kids), physical contact & play

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Depression - Adolescent

3x as common compared to child

Rates are increasing - most pronounced amongst teen girls

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Number of severity levels in ASD

3

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Theories of cause of Autism

Weak Central Coherence

Signalling imbalance

Connectivity

Predictive coding

Extreme male brain, empathising VS systemising (controversial)

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ASD Development outcomes

Positive outcomes for IQ over 70, communication by 5

Early interventions = speech/language therapy, occupational therapy, clinical psychology support

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Rate of non-verbal autism

30-40%

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ADHD Cause

Frontal lobes - disinhibition, regulation, hyperactivity

Genetic & environmental influences

Other: Bullying, anxiety, situation at home, dyslexia

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ADHD treatment

Combo of stimulants & behavioural therapy

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Types of ADHD

Combined

Predominantly Inattentive

Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive

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Rate of children youngest in their class to be more likley diagnosed with ADHD

60%

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Why ADHD is more subtle in girls

Seen as daydreamers, pushy, hyper-talkative, overemotional

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Plaque/tangles accumulate in the brain X many years before Alzheimer symptoms show

10-20 years

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When signs emerge before alzheimer’s diagnosis

2-3 years

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Death occurs how long after alzheimers onset

8-10 years

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Risk of Alzheimer’s

APOE gene

Previous head injuries

Gum disease

Obesity

High blood pressure, cholesterol, cardiovascular disease

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Prevention for Alzheimer’s

Increase cognitive reserve (computer games, knitting, readings)

Physical activity

Learn something new

Social activities

Healthy diet

Sleep

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Reasons for increased ASD

Increased awareness, diagnosis, variations, inclusivity in definitions

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Cascade model

Developmental pathway for substance abuse begins in childhood & results from the interplay of genetic/environmental factors