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Chapter 12
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Diathesis-Stress Model
Highlights the interaction between a predisposition (vulnerability) and stressful life events in the development of psychological disorders - interplay of nature & nurture
Major Depressive Disorder
Feeling profoundly depressed for at least 2 weeks
Depressed mood nearly every day & Greatly decreased interest/pleasure
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Social communication impairments & restricted, repetitive behaviours
Must show signs from early childhood
Social Motivation Theory
A theory suggesting individuals with ASD lack of typical interest in and responsiveness to social stimuli
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity - lasts into adulthood
Dementia
Deterioration neural functioning and cognitive decline
Rates increase steadily with age - not part of normal ageing
Alzheimer's Disease
Most common forms of dementia
Senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain
Cognitive Reserve
The brain's ability to withstand damage.
Differentiate normal from abnormal behaviour
Statistical deviance (outside normal range)
Maladaptiveness (interfere with adaptation or pose a danger)
Personal distress (personal anguish/discomfort)
USE DSM-5
Depression - Infancy
Uncommon, from disorganised attachment and learned helplessness
High risk can be predicted at 5 months (maternal depression, difficult temperament, family dysfunction, maternal self-efficacy)
Depression - Child
Can meet criteria at age 3
Comorbid with other disorders, prone to anxiety, excessive shame/guilt, act out death/suicide in play, lack of interest, capable of attempting suicide
Interventions for depression in the child
CBT (must be altered to kids), physical contact & play
Depression - Adolescent
3x as common compared to child
Rates are increasing - most pronounced amongst teen girls
Number of severity levels in ASD
3
Theories of cause of Autism
Weak Central Coherence
Signalling imbalance
Connectivity
Predictive coding
Extreme male brain, empathising VS systemising (controversial)
ASD Development outcomes
Positive outcomes for IQ over 70, communication by 5
Early interventions = speech/language therapy, occupational therapy, clinical psychology support
Rate of non-verbal autism
30-40%
ADHD Cause
Frontal lobes - disinhibition, regulation, hyperactivity
Genetic & environmental influences
Other: Bullying, anxiety, situation at home, dyslexia
ADHD treatment
Combo of stimulants & behavioural therapy
Types of ADHD
Combined
Predominantly Inattentive
Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive
Rate of children youngest in their class to be more likley diagnosed with ADHD
60%
Why ADHD is more subtle in girls
Seen as daydreamers, pushy, hyper-talkative, overemotional
Plaque/tangles accumulate in the brain X many years before Alzheimer symptoms show
10-20 years
When signs emerge before alzheimer’s diagnosis
2-3 years
Death occurs how long after alzheimers onset
8-10 years
Risk of Alzheimer’s
APOE gene
Previous head injuries
Gum disease
Obesity
High blood pressure, cholesterol, cardiovascular disease
Prevention for Alzheimer’s
Increase cognitive reserve (computer games, knitting, readings)
Physical activity
Learn something new
Social activities
Healthy diet
Sleep
Reasons for increased ASD
Increased awareness, diagnosis, variations, inclusivity in definitions
Cascade model
Developmental pathway for substance abuse begins in childhood & results from the interplay of genetic/environmental factors