Wold History Unit 9 Key Terms ECHS

1918 Influenza Pandemic

an avian flu that affected 500 million people worldwide and resulted in 10 million deaths

Air Pollution

the presence of introduction of harmful or poisonous substances into the air

Albert Sabin

developed the oral polio vaccine six years after the injectable vaccine

Alzheimer’s Disease

a form of dementia that became a concern after people began living longer

Americanization

a phenomenon in which people all over the world learned more about the U.S. than Americans learned about the rest of the world

Anime

a style of Japanese hand-drawn animation that became hugely influential

Anthropocene

a term used to describe the current era in which humans are the strongest influence on Earth’s climate and environment

Antibiotics

a medical innovation which was useful in curing bacterial infections

Antiretroviral Drugs

a treatment for HIV developed in the 1990s which did not cure HIV but hindered HIV from weakening the immune system; access to this treatment was difficult because it was so expensive

Apartheid

a South African system instituted in 1948 that enforced the segregation of people based on race

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

a group of ten nations in Southeast Asia established in 1967 to promote trade

Asian Tigers

a group of countries which included Hong Kong, SIngapore, South Korea, and Taiwan that had economic models which closely followed Japan’s and lifted people from poverty

Augusto Pinochet

took power of Chile in 1973 in a U.S.-backed coup against Salvador Allende

“Battle of Seattle“

a 1999 protest at a WTO conference which is considered by many to be the beginning of an anti-globalization movement

Bollywood

the nickname given to the popular film industry in Bombay (Mumbai)

Brexit

the nickname for the exit of Britain from the European Union in 2016

Carbon Footprint

the amount of carbon dioxide that each person produces

Caste Reservation System

the Indian government guaranteed that a certain percentage of whose Castle has resulted in an underprivileged life

Child Labor

one hazard of globalization in West Africa in which an estimated 2 million children took part in the production of chocolate for international consumption

Cholera

a bacterial disease that spreads through contaminated water affecting poverty-stricken areas that lack clean water supplies

Christian Barnard

performed the first heart transplant which was a major discovery in the fight against heart disease

Civil Rights Act

an American act in 1965 that prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

Consumer Culture

a culture in which people focus more on what they buy and own rather than where they live or what they believe

Crossbreeding

breeding two varieties of a plane to create a hybrid

Deforestation

the loss of Earth’s trees as a result of cutting down trees to use the land for other purposes such as agriculture

Deng Xiaoping

he became the leader of China in 1981, and under his leadership, the Communist Party more actively promoted economic growth as opposed to economic equality

Desertification

the removal of natural vegetation cover through expansion and the use of agricultural lands in arid and semi-arid climates

Desmond Tutu

South African activist and CHristian cleric who rose to worldwide fame as an opponent of apartheid

Doctors Without Borders

an AGO that readed people for malaria and worked on preventative efforts such as distributing mosquito nests

Earth Day

observed on April 22 each year, this is a day for people to focus on environmental awareness

Ebola

a deadly viral disease discovered in the Congo in 1976 that infects the African fruit bat, or animals and results in death for the majority of people infected with it

Economic Liberalization

the opening up of a country’s economy

Feminism Movements

a series of demonstrations around the world that stand up for woman’s rights

Fertility Rates

the rate at which babies are born

Fossil Fuels

a non-renewable energy source such as coal, oil, and natural gas

Free Markets

economic systems based on supply and demand, with as little government control as possible; Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher supported this idea

F.W. de Klerk

became acting president of South Africa in 1989 and released Nelson Mandela from prison within six months of becoming president

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

an international accord developed in 1947 which lifted restricted barriers to trade and lowered tariffs; was replaced by the WTO (World Trade Organization) in 1995

Genetic Engineering

manipulating cells or organisms to change their basic characteristics

Global Warming

an increase in the average temperature of the world

Green Belt Movement

environmental organization in Kenya that seeks to preserve ecosystems and lessen the effects of greenhouse gasses

Greenhouse Gasses

pollutants including carbon dioxide that build up in the atmosphere and trap heat; often the result of industrial processes

Green Party

a political party that focuses on environmental issues

Greenpeace

multinational agency founded in 1971 that combats deforestation, desertification, global warming, whaling, and overfishing

Green Revolution

the development of new varieties of wheat, rice, and other grains that had higher yields and better resistance to pests, diseases, and drought

Heart Disease

a disease affecting the heart that comes with increased longevity

HIV/AIDS

a viral immune disorder transmitted through the exchange of bodily fluids; this disease outbreak caused social disruption between 1981 and 2014

Human Rights

basic protections that are common to all people

International Court of Justice

a judicial body set up by the original UN charter that settles disputes over international law

Jonas Salk

an American researcher credited with developing the effective injectable polio vacineKn

Knowledge Economy

an economy which created, distributes, and uses knowledge information; Finland is an example of this type of economy

K-pop

a style of music which mixes Korean and English and became very popular in the 21st century; its popularity boosted the popularity of other South Korean exports

Kyoto Protocol

the first major international agreement to reduce carbon emissions which was signed in 1997

Léopold Sédar Senghor

poet from Senegal who wrote about the beauty and uniqueness of African culture; served as the first president of an independent Senegal

Liberation Theology

when inherent rights combined with religious ideology spread through Latin America in the 1950s and 1960s; interpreted the teachings of Jesus to include liberating people from abuses

Mahindra & Mahindra

and India-based multinational corporation that produced vehicles and energy that is headquartered in Mumbai, India, but has operations in India, South Korea, China, Australia, the U.S., South Africa, and other African nations

Malala Yousafzai

Pakistani activist and the youngest Nobel prize laureate for her advocacy for girls’ education in Pakistan

Maleria

a parasitic disease spread by mosquitoes in tropical areas which greatly persisted because of the conditions of poverty

Maquiladoras

factories built in Mexico as a result of NAFTA

mercosur

South American regional trade organization

Modernism

rejection of tradition in favor of experimentation and uncertainy

Multinational Corporation

a business that is legally incorporated in one country but makes or sells goods or services in one of more other countries

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)

a 1994 Agreement between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico in which he rejection of colonial French authority

Negritude Movement

a movement in French West Africa which emphasized “blackness” and the rejection of the colonial French authority

Nelson Mandela

the 11th president of South Africa who was imprisoned for actively opposing apartheid

Nestlé

the largest food company in the world which is a Swiss-based multinational corporation that has been at the center of many controversies for its practices

New Age Religions

forms of Buddhism, shamanism, Sufism, and other religious traditions were adapted for Western audiences

Nissan

a Japanese multinational corporation that produces vehicles

Nuclear Power

a new energy technology which raised productivity and increased material goods production

Olympic games

established in 1896 and reflected an early sense of nationalism through sports

Online Commerce

the internet helped lead to more globalization and shopping moved on like through sites like Alibaba and eBay

Pandemics

epidemic diseases that spread across national borders

Pariah State

a nation considered to be an undesirable nation or an outcast in the international community

Paris Agreemment

195 countries signed this deal in 2015 and pledged to reduce emissions and combat climate change

Pass Laws

South African law during apartheid that required black South Africans to carry identification when entering areas set aside for whites

Peacekeeping

a UN priority that advocates for prevention of conflict through diplomacy

Polio

a viral disease caused by water contaminated with fecal matter which resulted in paralysis or death

Pope Francis

first pope from Latin America; he reversed the Vatican’s opposition to liberation theology

Popular Culture

the culture of the everyday people rather than the educated elite

Protective Tariffs

taxes on foreign imports

Rana Plaza factory

an eight-story building containing garment factories which collapsed in 2013 in Bangladesh killing over 1,000 workers and injuring a few thousand more

Refugees

people who have fled their home countries because of war, natural disasters, or famine

Reggae

music from Jamaca that blends New Orleans jazz, rhythm and blues, and mento; associated with eh Rastafari religion

Renewable Energy

energy that comes from resources which are replenishable such as wind, solar, tidal, and geothermal power

Shipping Containers

large standard-sized units that could be carried on a truck or train or stacked on a cargo ship

Smallpox

a disease which had plagued the ancient Egyptians and devastated the native populations of the Americas and Australia; the global vaccine campaign against it was declared a success in 1979I

Tiananmen Square

a peaceful protest in China in 1989 which was met with deadly force from the Chinese government

Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC)

sought to restore and establish an atmosphere of trust in the new multiracial South Africa after apartheid

Tuberculosis (TB)

an airborne infection that spreads through coughs and sneezes which affects the lungs and is associated with poverty

Uighur

a Muslim ethnic group residing in China that was at the center of unrest over tensions with the Han ethnic group; this social unrest was blamed on social media and resulted in the banning of Twitter and Facebook in China

United Nationals Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

created by the UN in 1945 to repair war damage and protect cultural environmental sites

United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF)

a humanitarian organization founded in 1946 to provide food for European children who were still suffering as a result of World War II

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

a foundational document adopted by the UN in 1948 which laid out basics rights and fundamental freedoms for all human beings

Urbanism

the increasing size and number of densely populated cities which contributes to environmental change

Vaccines

a medical innovation that prevents serious diseases such as mumps, measles, tetanus, diphtheria, etc. which was brought into widespread use after 1900

Voting Rights Act

an American 1965 act which banned discrimination in voting

Wangari Maathai

first African woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize; Kenyan activist who founded the Green Belt Movement

Water Scarcity

the lack of access to clean drinking water

World Food Program (WFP)

established by the UN in 1961 to provide food aid to countries in need

World Trade Organization (WTO)

took over the GATT’s operations in 1995 and made rules that governed over 90% of all international trade