Management in Medication Therapy Management & Management Functions

Identify changes in the roles of pharmacist since the early 1900s.

• Early 20th: not considered healthcare professionals, education was considered apprenticeships & only needed a 4-year baccalaureate degree, their role was to produce & compound

• Middle 20th: manufacturers came along & created prescription/legend drug categories, code of ethics, 5th pharmacy education, and consumers saw them as merchants

• Early 20th: The millis commisssion’s report expressed the need for more communication and management skills, pharmacist role now seen as therapeutic advisors, and 6th year of education is needed for a doctorate

• New Millenium: shifted from independent owned community pharmacies to chain, mail-order, web-based

What are the 5 domains of pharmacy care?

1. Risk Management

2. Patient-Centered Care delivery

3. Disease & medication therapy management

4. Pharmacy Care Services marketing

5. Business Management

Explain the domain of pharmacy care: Risk Management

• data collection

• Perform drug reviews

• document therapeutic interventions & activities

• OTC medication history

• calculate dosages for drugs w/ narrow therapeutic index & special populations

• Report ADEs to FDA

• triage patients needs for proper referral

• remain informed of newly uncovered adverse effects & drug-drug interactions

Explain the domain of pharmacy care: Patient-centered care delivery

• serve as patient advocate w/ respect to social, economic, and psychological

• attempt to change patients’ medication orders when barriers to adherence exist

• counsel patients on new & refill medications as necessary

• promote patient wellness

• maintain caring, friendly relationships w/ patients

• telephone patients to obtain med orders called in & not picked up

Explain the domain of pharmacy care: disease & medication therapy management

• provide information to patients on how to manage their conditions & medication regimens

• monitor patients progress from pharmacotherapy

• carry inventory of products necessary for patients to execute & monitor a therapeutic plan

• supply patients information on support & educational groups

Explain the domain of pharmacy care: pharmacy care services marketing

• meet local prescribers of practice

• be an active member of professional associations that support the concept of pharmaceutical care

• make available an area of private consultation services for patients

• identify software that facilitates pharmacists patient care-related activities

Explain the domain of pharmacy care: Business Management

• Utilize technicians & other staff to free up the pharmacist time

• Identify opportunities for billing & reimbursement of the pharmacist services

Define Medication Therapy Management

A comprehensive & proactive approach to help patients maximize the benefits from drug therapy & includes services aimed to facilitate or improve patient adherence to drug therapy, educate entire populations of persons, conduct wellness programs, and become more intimately involved in disease management & monitoring

What are myths of business practice & pharmacy?

• practice of pharmacy is ethically inconsistent w/ good business

• business is not a profession guided by ethical standards

• In business, quality of care is secondary to generating profits

• The good pharmacist is one who is a “clinical purist”

What are the 4 factors affecting the delivery of pharmacy products & services ?

• patient demographics: aging population, ethnic composition of patients

• Attitudes & belief systems: belief about disease, sick role, and medication taking, trust in the healthcare delivery system; direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs

• Competitive Markets: diversity in the types of providers offering products & services

• Technology: software, automated dispensing technology

What are the 6 managerial sciences?

1. Accounting

2. Finance

3. Economics

4. Human Resources

5. Marketing

6. Operations Management

Explain Managerial Sciences: Accounting

• keep the books

• record financial transactions

• prepare financial statements

• analysis of profitability

• determine business strengths & weaknesses

• compute taxes owed federal, state, and local government

Describe Managerial Sciences: Finance

• determine financial needs

• identify sources of capital

• develop operating budgets

• invest profits

• manage assets

Describe Managerial Science: Economics

• determine optimal mix of labor & capital

• determine optimal output

• determine optimal hours of business operation

• determine levels of investment into risk management

Describe managerial Science: Human Resources Management

• conduct job analyses

• hire personnel

• orient & train personnel

• appraise personnel performance

• terminate employment

Describe managerial Science: Marketing

• Identify & implement competitive advantages

• identify target markets

• implement & evaluate promotional strategies

• select proper mix of merchandise

• properly arrange & merchandise products

• Price goods & services

Describe Managerial Science: Operations Management

• design workflow

• control purchasing & inventory

• perform continuous quality improvement initiatives

Define Management

is a set of principles relating to the functions of planning, organizing, directing/leading, and controlling, and the application of these principles in harnessing physical, financial, human, and informational resources efficiently & effectively to achieve organizational goal

Define Managers

are simply people who perform management activities

Levels of manager impact

• individual

• interpersonal

• Organizational

Actions taken by managers

• Plan

• Organize

• Lead

• Control

Resources that are managed

• Money

• People

• Time

• Material Resource

• Info

Explain Classic Views of Management

• Hierarchical relationships

• Authority went unquestioned

• workers did as they were told

Modern Views of Management

• partnership between administrators & workers

• primarily “knowledge workers”

• managers adapt their management activities to their workers

• managers must also: energize, empower, support, communicate