Period 2 APUSH review

Did Mass Bay Colony eventually become a "City on A Hill?" ?

No (sorry John Winthrop).

What were the SPANISH colonizers' goals?

Wanted $$, and the desire to extract WEALTH from the land led to the Encomienda system and the forced subjugation of the Natives (converting them to Christianity&incorporating them into the Spanish colonial society).

What were the FRENCH&DUTCH colonizers' goals?

Involved relatively few Europeans, built extensive TRADING partnerships (ex. French fur traders), INTERMARRIED w/ natives and built relationships. DUTCH built extensive trade routes mostly in NY (New Netherland).

What were the ENGLISH colonizers' goals?

Attracted a large number of both male and FEMALE(unlike other countries) immigrants who sought social mobility, economic PROSPERITY, religious FREEDOM (Puritans) and better living conditions (England was overcrowded).

What were the ENGLISH colonies like?

Based on AGRICULTURE (Tobacco), HEADRIGHT system encouraged immigrants.

Unlike French&Spanish, ENGLISH colonists wanted to live SEPARATELY from Native Americans.

What were some of the conflicts the English had with Native Americans?

Conflict with Powhatans(Virg), Bacon's Rebellion, Pequot War (Mass 1637), King Philip's War (Mass 1676)

What were characteristics of the CHESAPEAKE (Virginia&Maryland)& North Carolina colonies?

Relied heavily on TOBACCO (plantations developed). Long work days&growing seasons. Exhausted land which led to expansion& conflicts w/ natives (Bacon's Rebellion!)

What did the CHESAPEAKE and North Carolina colonies use as labor?

Up to 1600s, most labor was INDENTURED SERVANTS. After Bacon's Rebellion (1676) there was a switch to AFRICAN SLAVERY.

What were the NEW ENGLAND colonies (Mass. Bay) like?

Developed around SMALL TOWNS with small, family farms. Had a thriving MIXED economy of agriculture&commerce-- Boston major port city. Established by PURITANS(wanted to purify Anglican Church, John Winthrop). Colder climate& rocky terrain== no large plantations.

What were the middle colonies (Pennsylvania + NY) like?

Flourishing export economy based on cereal crops (ex. wheat, oats) "breadbasket". Tended to be the most DIVERSE demographically,religiously, &ethnically (attracted a broad range of European migrants). QUAKERS in Pennsylvania (William Penn)-- religiously tolerant. Women had more rights. Immigrants from Germany.

What were the southern colonies (S. Carolina & Georgia) & the British West Indies like?

Long growing seasons, developed plantation economies based on exporting staple crops (RICE - South Carolina &Georgia. Sugar - West Indies). Very ARDUOUS (difficult) labor, so many white laborers refused to work in rice fields, led to SLAVE LABOR. Slaves made up a majority of populations, led to SLAVE CODES (laws regulating slave behavior). Gave huge power to slave owners.

How did the colonies self-govern themselves and why were they able to do it?

Due to distance and Britain's lax attention (SALUTARY NEGLECT), the colonies created self-governing institutions that were unusually democratic for the era.

What were the NEW ENGLAND colonial governments like?

PARTICIPATORY TOWN MEETINGS - elected members to their colonial legislatures. White, land owning, church members could vote.

What were the SOUTHERN colonial governments like?

Elite PLANTERS dominated assemblies, exercised local authority. VIRGINIA HOUSE OF BURGESSES -- 1st representative gov't in British colonies (many members were elite plantation owners).

What was the Atlantic Economy (Triangle Trade)?

The EXCHANGE of goods, African-Americans, and Native Americans between Europe, Africa, and the Americas through extensive trade networks (TRIANGLE TRADE). European colonies focused on producing goods (fur, tobacco, etc.) valued in Europe (MERCANTILISM). Labor sources (Native Americans, indentured servants, African slave labor).

How did the continuing trade with Europeans cause cultural/economical/demographic CHANGES for the Natives?

CULTURAL: Natives lost land, many Europeans wanted to ASSIMILATE them.

ECONOMIC: Land was lost&altered by Europeans.

DEMOGRAPHIC: due to the spread of epidemic DISEASES, drastic DECREASE in population.

How did interactions between Europeans and American Natives foster both ACCOMMODATION (agreements/alliances w/ Europeans) and CONFLICT?

Europeans allied with Natives groups (accommodation) AGAINST opposing Native groups (conflict) (Pequot war, Metacom's War).

British were able to offer GOODS to natives. French were TOLERANT of natives.

During French&Indian war, almost all natives were allied with French (EXCEPT Iroquois).

Why did the goals/interests of Europeans and COLONISTS sometimes DIVERGE and what did this lead to?

Both sides increasingly DISTRUSTED each other. Colonists sought to EXPAND (esp post French & Indian war) but Britain forbade it. FRONTIER defense became major issue (Bacon's Rebellion, PONTIAC'S REBELLION (1763)).

TRADE divided the two groups, colonists SMUGGLED.

What were the causes of British and Native American conflicts?

Caused by COMPETITION over land, resources, and boundaries. In turn led to military conflicts (Metacom's War-- natives were defeated and not much of a threat after).

Why did the Spanish start to accommodate some aspects of American Indian Culture in the Southwest?

After the Pueblo Revolt (1680), the Pueblo Indians had successfully overthrew the Spanish for 12 YEARS. After Spanish regained control, they became more ACCOMMODATING to Native culture (esp religion).

What did the presence of DIFFERENT European religious and ethnic groups (Catholics, Quakers, Puritans) lead to?

PLURALISM -- multiple groups existing together & INTELLECTUAL exchange from different European groups.

These were strengthened by the 1st Great Awakening & the Enlightenment.

The Enlightenment (1750-1800)

Questioning of GOVERNMENT (John Locke-- natural rights; Thomas Paine- Age of Reason)

How did the British colonies experience ANGLICIZATION (using / being influenced by English customs) over time?

Developed autonomous (governed themselves) political communities (colonial govts) based on ENGLISH MODELS. Had frequent contact w/ Britain via trans-Atlantic print culture (spread of ideas+goods via trade/newspaper).

Spread of Protestant Evangelicalism (George Whitefield& others traveled across colonies to spread his message).

How did the British seek to increase its control of its colonies?

Tried to increase its control of colonies through MERCANTILISM, Navigation Acts (colonists could only export specific goods to only England or English Colonies, ex. tobacco). Also created the DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND, assemblies were eliminated and (the very unpopular) Sir Edmund Andros was appointed governor.

Why did the British's attempts at controlling the colonies not really work?

Conflicts with colonists & natives led to erratic (INCONSISTENT) enforcement. Britain sought to LIMIT colonial expansion so they could limit CONFLICT with natives.

Why did the colonists' begin to resist imperial control?

The ENLIGHTENMENT, which challenged traditional ideas of govt & sought to limit govt power.

Colonists wanted to govern themselves (as they previously could vote for colonial representatives), yet had no say in PARLIAMENT.

LIBERTY -- colonists saw themselves as British, wanted same rights (led to widespread smuggling from merchants).

Corruption in imperial system (Sir Edmund Andros).

1st Great Awakening challenged church authority which led to challenging it in other areas (British govt)

Why did ALL the British colonies participate in the slave trade to some degree?

Large amounts of LAND, high demand in Europe for colonial goods (TOBACCO).

Shortage of indentured servants (ESP post Bacon's Rebellion).

WHERE was slavery found in the British colonies?

Small farms in New England had some slaves. PORT cities in the North&South. Plantations in the Chesapeake & South (NC, SC, GA).

MOST African slaves were sent to the Caribbean.

What was the impact of chattel slavery (slaves were complete property of their master) becoming the main source of labor in the South?

Emergence of a STRICT RACIAL SYSTEM. Prohibition of interracial relationships (contrast with SPANISH colonies!). No matter who father was, children of mothers who were slaves were slaves also.

How did Africans resist the dehumanizing nature of slavery?

OVERTLY (w/o secrecy or trying to hide it): through rebellion (Stono Rebellion, SC 1739).

COVERTLY (resisted secretly): breaking tools, running away, working slowly.

How did the Africans maintain some levels of AUTONOMY?

Maintained their FAMILY (surrogate families for slaves that were sold), their CULTURE (language & music), and RELIGION (combined elements of African religions w/ Christianity).