Bio 3 Exam 1

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Meristem

Permanent region of growth in plants

Apical meristems

root tips/stems, primary growth, length/extend body

protoderm

give rise to epidermis

ground meristem

inside protoderm produce cells of cortex

lateral meristems

around stem, secondary growth ONLY IN PERRENIALS

vascular cambium

produce tissue for support/conduct

cork cambium

lies out of vascular cambium inside outer bark

Photosynthesis

Capture and conversion of light energy into chemical energy in the bonds of organic molecules

Parenchyma

In cortex, pith. Loosely packed & thin walled

Collenchyma

Nonlignified but stiff, support growing organs. Border veins in leaves

Sclerenchyma

Thick, lignified. Strength/support

Xylem

Transport water from roots to rest of plant. Big

Phloem

Has companion cells and sieve elements. Transports sugars

Dermal

Outer layer, protection. Guard cells and stomata open/close for CO2. Waxy cuticle keeps moist

Guard cells full of water?

OPEN

Periderm

Replace epidermis in stems/roots that undergo secondary growth

Lenticels

Gas exchanges, insects take advantage of

Innermost cork

Alive and produce suberin

Suberin

Waterproof, protect from drying out & mechanical injury

Roots

Most basic/universal tissue

Taproot

Big ahh root in middle (Eudicot)

Fibrous

Roots going everywhere, grass, spongey tissue (Monocot)

Bark on roots

Periderm on perrenial roots to protect

Aerial roots

Live aboveground, no soil.

trees that live in shallow water

Mistletoe

Semi-parasitic. Hack into xylem of other plant

Mycorrhizae

Fungus roots

Angiosperms

Form mutualistic relationships w fungus

Fungus

Threads no body, better at getting nutrients than root hairs

Ectomycorrhizae

Surround root

Endomycorrhizae

Inside root

Rhizobium & Bradyrhizobium

Bacteria that have enzyme to get nitrogen

Peas & beans

Have relationship w bacteria, leave excess nitrogen in soil for next crops

plastid in algae

Nitroplasts

Clay

Limited pore space for nutrients, no draining

Sand

Cannot hold anything: nutrients

Overpumping

Leads to sinking

Loam

Perf blend of sand & clay

field capacity

% of water that soil can hold against gravity

permanent wilting

% of water in soil when irreversible wilting occurs

Shoots

Aboveground, more complex

Shoot apex

Produce leaves/axillary buds

Phytomere

Gets repeatedly reproduced, leaf/node

Rhizome (ginger)

Stem grows underground, grow horizontally

Tuber (potato)

storage unit

Runner

send root out man idk

bulb (garlic/onion)

fleshy leaves surround underground stem

corm

storage organ, survive harsh climates

Tendrils

climb/support

Thorn

Stem

Spine

Leaf

Prickle

Dermal

Thorn, spine, prickle

Defense against large animals

Cladophyll (succulents)

stem that func as leaf

Biennials

2 seasons of growth

Leaf scars

Age twig by terminal bud-scale scars

Bark

Secondary growth from dermis, beetles eat living cambium

Plants reproduce

Animals or wind

Heterotroph

Food from other place

Autotroph

Food from self

Stromatolite

Fossilized remains of single cell organism, excrete film for protection

When did photosynthesis start

3.4 bya. Iron oxide in ocean/lakes

2.7 - 2.2 bya

SO much oxygen in ocean it bubbles into atmosphere

O2→O3 (ozone)

Protect from UV rays

570-500 mya

close to present levels of oxygen

Cellular respiration

2 atp w/o oxygen

38 atp w/ oxygen

Anaerobic respiration

Fermentation & Glycolysis

Gymnosperms

No flowers, naked seed (pinecones)

Angiosperms

Covered seeds fruit mechanism

Biome

Natural community of wide extent characterized by distinctive climatically controlled groups of plants

Biomes

Rainforest, Tundra, Desert, Mountain, Grasslands, Agriculture, Woods

LA

High wind & dry af, plants adapt to fire

Vacuoles

90% of volume in cell. Store sugar/reserve proteins. Filled w cell sap. Bound by the tonoplast. Removes toxic secondary metabolites

Cytoplasmic streaming

actin/myosin fiber. Slowly diffuse large molecules and organelles from one end to other

400 mya

Dry out, how to reproduce, gravity

more light, nutrients, no predators yet

Ferns & Relatives

No seeds

Eukaryotes

Nuclear envelope w two membranes, linear DNA, chromosomes w histones, organelles, cytoskeleton

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Function as a communication system w/in cells. Lipid synthesis, channel stuff to shi

Golgi apparatus

Synthesize/secrete noncellulose polysaccharide for cell wall

Cytoskeleton

Protein filaments that extend thruout cytoplasm

Cell wall (PRIMARY)

Maintain under osmotic turgor pressure. layers of cellulose microfibers in pectin and hemicellulose

Cell wall (secondary)

Lignin. Provide strength/resist decay

Proplastid

Precursor. Etioplast OR Chloroplast/Leucoplast

Chloroplast/Etioplast

Can change into chromoplast

Leucoplast

Amyloplast, elaioplast, proteinoplast

Thylakoid

System of membranes

Stroma

Matrix of thylakoids

Chloroplast

Photosynthesis, chlorophyll, circular DNA

Chromoplast

Synthesize/retain carotenoid pigments

Leucoplast

Lack pigment/membranes. Amyloplast synthesize starch

Mitochondria

Oqn DNA, respiration, smaller than plastid, transport materials

Peroxisomes

No dna?

3 development process for plants (tbd by cell position/genetics/environment)

Growth, morphogenesis, differentiation