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Central Nervous System (CNS)
-Brain and Spinal Cord
-Integrative and Control Centers
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
-Cranial & Spinal Nerves
-Comm. between CNS and rest of the body
Sensory (afferent) division
-Conducts impulses from receptors to CNS
Motor (efferent) division
-Conducts impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)
Somatic Nervous System
-Conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
Autonomic Nervous System
-Conducts impulses from CNS, to cardiac & smooth muscles, and glands
Sympathetic Division
-Mobilizes body systems during activity
Parasympathetic Division
-Conserves energy
-Promotes house-keeping functions during rest
Astrocytes
- CNS Support and Ion regulation
Microglial Cells
- CNS Immune Defense
Ependymal cells
- CNS Cerebrospinal fluid protection
Oligodendrocytes
- CNS Myelin production
Satellite Cells (IN PNS)
- PNS Myelin production and nerve regeneration
Schwann Cells (aka neurolemmocytes)
- PNS Ganglia microenvironment regulation
Sensory Neurons (Afferent)
- Function: Carry Signals from sensory organs to the CNS
- Brings information in
Motor Neurons (Efferent)
- Transmit signals from the CNS to muscles or glands.
- Sends instructions out
Graded Potential
- Variable, localized changes
Action Potential
- Rapid, all-or nothing signals that travel along the axon
1) Resting State
- No ions move through voltage-gated channels
2) Depolarization
- Caused by Na+ (Sodium) flowing into the cell
3) Repolarization
- Caused by K+ (Potassium) flowing out the cell
4) Hyperpolarization
- Caused by K+ Continuing to leave the cell
Refractory Period
- Time when another action potential cannot be triggered
Absolute Refractory Period
- No action potential can occur
- Due to sodium channel inactivation
Relative Refractory Period
- Action potential possible w/ strong stimulus
- Some sodium channels recovering not all
Continuous Conduction
- Unmyelinated Axons
- Slower Transmission
Saltatory Conduction
- Myelinated axons with nodes of Ranvier
- Faster Jumping transmission
Nervous System Synapses Structural Component
- Presynaptic Terminal
- Synaptic Cleft
- Postsynaptic Membrane
Nervous System Synapses Function
- Transmission of Signals: Information transfer from one neuron to another or to an effector cell (muscle or gland).
2 Different Kinds of Synapses
Chemical: Neurotransmitters
Electrical: Gap Junctions
Acetylcholine
- Class: Neurotransmitter (Cholinergic)
- Role: Nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, autonomic functions, cognitive processes
Nitric oxide
- Class: Gasotransmitter
- Role: Vasodilation, memory, synaptic plasticity
Serotonin
- Class: biogenic amine
- Role: Mood regulation, sleep-wake cycles, pain perception
Glycine
- Class: Amino Acid neurotransmitter
- Role: Inhibitory neurotransmitter, motor control, spinal reflexes