Human Geography Chapter 4 Test

monument

something that humans build to celebrate an achievement

urbanization

movement of people from the rural to city

nomadic

constantly moving, hunter gatherers

primitive

simple and in early stages of development

Central business district (CBD)

center/hub for business and entertainment in a city

suburbs

residential areas surrounding cities

squatter settlements/slums

less developed part of a city where people live illegally

hinterland

outskirts

municipality

an area established by a larger governing body

city limits

legal boundaries where government no longer has jurisdiction once outside

gateway city

a city that isn’t necessarily large, but serves as a marker and director of goods and people to where they need to go

unincorporated area

rural area without local government

Hamlet

a very small rural area without basic services

Village

a group of houses in a rural area (larger than a hamlet) with basic services and is a municipality

City

incorporated urban areas, much larger than towns in pop. size and importance

Metropolis

a collections of small cities around a central city of at least 50,000 people

megalopolis

a collection of metropolitan areas that connect to form 1 urban area

pull factors of urbanization

• opportunities for higher paying jobs

• education

• closer to more basic needs and services

• better transportation

• more social services

push factors of urbanization

• bad working conditions

• fewer opportunities

• far away from everything

• less education opportunities

• poor security

• decline in family farming

problems with urbanization

• overpopulation

• pollution (air, noise, light, water)

• inflation

• homelessness

• slums

• un-employment

• under-employment

• higher crime

• traffic

• stress

Primate city

a city 2x or more as large as the next city in its region and dominates the economic, cultural and overall power over the cities

Advantages of Primate cities

• more services

• more opportunities

• magnetic attraction

Disadvantages of Primate city

• overpopulation

• pollution

• too much power(parasitic affect)

• unemployment

• crime

Parasitic affect

all of the power is taken

world city

large cities of importance for global finance, culture, and commerce

megacity

any city with a population of greater than 10 million people

Gentrification

The rehabilitation of deteriorated, often abandoned, housing of low-income inner-city residents

Urban Renewal

rebuilding of the poor areas of a city

Rank Size Rule

a pattern of settlements in a country, the largest city over the next largest city, primate cities don’t follow this rule

Range

the maximum distance people are willing to travel for goods/services

Threshold

number of people required to support a good/service to make a profit

Central Place Theory (Christaller)

a theory that states how far people are willing to travel based on what they need, higher order goods versus lower order goods

Christaller's 1st Assumption

Humans will always purchase goods from the closest place that offers that good

Christaller's 2nd Assumption

whenever demand for a good is high, it will be offered in close proximity to the population (i.e. gas station, grocery store)

Christaller's 3rd Assumption

The model can only exist on an isotopic plane with equal distances between units (i.e. cities, towns,)

Christaller's 4th Assumption

resources and population are evenly distributed

What shape is Christaller’s model?

Honeycomb

Sprawl

the spreading out from an urban area

The Urban Heat Island Effect

urban areas become warmer because of human activities, ex. driving, heating, AC

smart growth

how city planners decide where and how the city expands

zoning

helps city planners limit growth and decide how the land is used

green belts

rings of undeveloped land around a city

tax breaks

incentives and tools that governments use to encourage businesses to stay or relocate to a certain area ex. lowering taxes in a certain area

canal

a man made river

levee

man made boundary that keeps cities from flooding

industrial zone

some low cost housing, mainly industry

working class residential

what used to be suburbs but is now part of city because of sprawl

middle class residential

larger/ nicer homes and condos, owners not renters

commuter zone

upper class, wealthy, large houses where people who work in the cities commute to work.

redlining

when minority races aren’t able to purchase homes in white neighborhoods, there used to be red lines posted on maps to warn people that it was “dangerous” to buy a house there

block busting

when real estate agents would try and convince white people to move out of their neighborhoods for the fear that other races would soon move in

white flight

the mass flight of white residents in cities to suburbs because they were afraid of other races moving in

higher order goods

goods that people are willing to travel farther for because they are not bought often or are harder to come by

lower order goods

goods that are bought often and people are not willing to travel far for

Primary Sector

collecting of the natural resources

Secondary sector

taking the resources from the primary sector and using them to make goods

Tertiary Sector

the sector that deals with service ex. healthcare, law, and transportation

Quaternary Sector

processors of knowledge and information

Quinary Sector

world leaders and officials

Borchet’s sail wagon epoch

from 1790-1830s, most large cities on East coast, requiring a horse to move inland

Borchet’s Iron Horse epoch

1830s to 1870s, railroad becomes prominent, U.S> is connected in Promontory, Utah in 1869 using railraod

Borchet’s Steel Rail Epoch

1870s to 1920s - U.S> heavily reliant on railroad to move goods - large haul is developed - large cities are connected via rail lines

Borchet’s auto air amenity epoch

1920s to 1970s - the car and air travel change how far people to work and travel - suburbanization increases

Borchet’s high technology era

1970s - today - use of internet, customers can order goods online and have them shipped - retail space in less demand over online shopping