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22 Terms
1
Photosynthesis
The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with the help of chlorophyll.
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2
Calvin-Benson Cycle
A set of chemical reactions that take place in chloroplasts during photosynthesis, using carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH to synthesize glucose.
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3
NADP+
An electron carrier that becomes reduced to NADPH during the light reactions of photosynthesis.
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4
Stroma
The fluid-filled space surrounding the thylakoids in a chloroplast, where the Calvin Cycle occurs.
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5
Thylakoid
Flattened membrane sacs inside a chloroplast where the light reactions of photosynthesis take place.
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6
Photophosphorylation
The process of converting light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP during the light reactions of photosynthesis.
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7
RuBP
Ribulose bisphosphate, a five-carbon sugar that reacts with CO2 during carbon fixation in the Calvin Cycle.
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8
G3P
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, a three-carbon molecule produced in the Calvin Cycle that can be converted into glucose.
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9
Photorespiration
A process occurring in plants when oxygen is fixed instead of carbon dioxide, leading to a waste of energy and reduced photosynthesis.
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10
C4 Plants
Plants that use a modified photosynthetic pathway to minimize photorespiration and efficiently use CO2 in hot climates.
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11
CAM Plants
Plants that open their stomata at night and fix CO2 into organic acids to minimize water loss during the day.
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12
Electron Transport Chain
A series of electron carrier proteins that transfer electrons and pump protons across the thylakoid membrane, generating ATP and NADPH.
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13
Chemiosmosis
The process by which ATP is produced in the chloroplast by the movement of protons through ATP synthase, utilizing the proton gradient created by the electron transport chain.
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14
Carotenoids
Pigments found in plants that absorb light in the blue and green wavelengths, reflecting yellow and orange light.
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15
Oxygen
A byproduct of photosynthesis released during the light reactions when water is split.
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16
ATP Synthase
An enzyme that generates ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate using the proton gradient created during electron transport.
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17
Light Reactions
The first stage of photosynthesis, where sunlight is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.
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18
Carbon Fixation
The incorporation of CO2 into organic molecules during the Calvin Cycle.
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19
Rubisco
Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin Cycle.
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20
Fermentation
A metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases, or alcohol in the absence of oxygen, resulting in a small yield of ATP.
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21
Anaerobic Respiration
A form of respiration using electron acceptors other than oxygen, common in some bacteria and archaea.
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