Tudors Recap

OCR A Level History Tudors

What year was the battle of Bosworth ?

August 1485 yorkist king Richard III defeated by Henry VII

What were Henry's problems when coming into power ?

• lack of knowledge due to years in exile

• 14 years in exile & had a weak claim due to it being through his mother Margaret

• did not have the support of country, nobles has remained neutral during battle

• needed to reward the Lancastrians to ensure their loyalty -1489 rebellion -the Yorkists challenges

how did h7 deal with Yorkist challenges?

-Earl of Warwick - locked up in the Tower of London (but lived in comfort).

• John de la Pole (Earl of Lincoln) - swore loyalty to Henry and was later asked to join the council.

• John de la Pole (Duke of Suffolk) - swore loyalty to Henry and left alone. -Married Elizabeth of York in January 1486, joined together the white rose of York with the red rose of Lancaster to form the Tudor rose.

how did h7 reward the Lancastrians?

-Jasper Tudor (Henry's uncle) - became Duke of Bedford and chief justice in Wales. 55 with no
heirs, so Henry could grant this knowing that his position would not be threatened by Jasper's
heirs.
- Sir Thomas Lovell - Made Chancellor of the Exchequer, Treasurer of the Household and Speaker
of the House of Commons in 1485.
-order of the garter

Positives of Henry VII coming into power

• he was replacing a unpopular and dead king

• needed a king to offer peace and stability as country was weary of war

• not beholden to the nobles family for making him king

What did H7 do to fix his problems coming into power?

-backdated his reign so anyone who fought against him was considered a traitor- seized their estates as punishments which added to the kings wealth e.g Earl of Warwick an important yorkist claimant sent to Tower of London
-arranged coronation for October 30 1485 before parliament met so they could not claim they were responsible for him becoming king
-asked for papa dispensation to allow him to marry Elizabeth of York\= uniting Lancaster and York\= on January 1486 so it could not be said he owed his crown to his wife.
-John Morton, Bishop of Ely, who resisted Richard's
usurpation in 1483 \= Chancellor and Archbishop of Canterbury.

What was the Yorkshire rebellion?

-1489

• led by sir John Egremont —Yorkshire rising as H7 tried to raise money to aid Brittany against France though he already had a £100,000 subsidy from Parliament

• Earl of Northumberland killed when he tried to collect tax

• Yorkshire annoyed as they had suffered a bad harvest in 1487 and other northern countries had been exempt

• easily crushed

• sign of weak royal authority in the north

What was the Lovell conspiracy ?

-1485

• led by yorkist families herberts and Vaughan

• H7 took progress to the midlands where yorkist support was strongest= unrest came from dissatisfied yorkist

• put down by Rhys ap Thomas -lord Lovell and Stafford brothers= loyal supporters of Richard

• Lovell fled to Flanders whilst the Stafford's were arrested > Humphrey executed and Thomas pardoned

What was the lambert simnel rebellion ?

-1487 -claimed to be the Earl of Warwick -gained support through people like Margaret of Burgundy who sent him money and 2000 mercenaries to assist him in battle

• uprising became more serious once he landed in Lancashire -H7 paraded the real earl of Warwick around London and gave the rebels a pardon, did not stop the rebels

• June 1487 at Stoke Simnels army faced Henry and lost

what was the Cornish Rebellion ?

-1497 -King James IV of Scotland sought to aid Perkin Warbeck and invade North England

• Cornish saw little reason as to why they should pay taxes to fund war on England northern boarder

• 1500 rebels journeyed to England, these numbers declined as they came closer

• easily crushed by H7's 25000 men -H7 more concerned with warbeck

what was the Perkin Warbeck rebellion?

-1491-7 Warbeck pretended to be the Duke of York, Richard

• if he had gained enough support he could've overthrown H7 -H7 had poor relations with France & Scotland that they could use Warbeck to undermine the kings power and exert diplomatic pressure on him -Treaty of Etaples 1492 between England and france meant that warbeck had to move to flanders where he had support from margaret -unable to secure large scale support -when H7 gained knowledge of plot he made parliament immediately enforce attainders against those who implicated the plot

• warbeck tried to run away from court but was captured in 1498 and executed alongside Earl of Warwick after rumoured to be plotting

what was the Edmund la Pole rebellion?

-was the nearest Yorkist claimant to the throne
- despite appealing as loyal, H7 refused to make him Duke of Suffolk like his father
-fled in 1501

what were problems H7 faced with his nobility?

• many nobles still owned large tracts of land e.g Earl of Northumberland

• H7 was a usurper there was nothing preventing a powerful noble from attempting to overthrow him -many had supported Richard III as they had gained rewards -"overmighty subjects" even if nobles were killed they were quickly replaced by new families

what did H7 do to control the nobility?

• stopped giving out land as it caused "overmighty subjects" -limited the number of nobles he created, only 3 new earls under his reign -order of the garter -kings council -patronage -acts of attainder, bonds & recognisances

• 1504 proclamations

• relief -marriage

• wardship

• livery

• 1486 act of resumption

what was the order of the garter?

there were 37 knights of the garter

* great honour and reserved for excellent service prestige but did not give land or money

what was patronage?

this was a result of loyal service e.g Earl of Oxford loyal before and after Bosworth

what were the 1504 proclamations?

made it so nobles needed license to retain or there would be a heavy fine

What were acts of attainder, bonds and recognisances?

signed agreements where nobles who had offended the king either paid for their offence or pay money as security for future good behaviour
-good behaviour\= reversal
-loss right to posses their land \= social and economic ruin
-H7 passed 9 and reversed 5 during his reign

what was relief?

payment to the king once land was inherited

what was wardship?

the estate of minors placed under royal control until they came of age, exploited as crown land until then

how did H7 use marriage to control the nobility?

profited off arranged marriages

What was the 1486 Act of Resumption?

Recovered land granted away since before the wars of the roses

what was the central government?

-H7 had over 200 councillors during his reign, he relied on the group for inner efficiency -the council learned in law was hated for its many links with bonds and recognisances

• to ensure that the authority of central gov, H7 developed the Yorkist use of regional councils in the north, wales & Ireland e.g Earl of Surrey appointed deputy in the north

• hatred became more pronounced in 1504 under leadership of Empson & Dudley who ensured royal rights were thoroughly ensured

what was the local government under H7?

-relied on the support of the gentry and nobility to uphold his wishes
-H7 appointed justices of peace from second rank of landowners, loyalty was ensured as they were to uphold public order and were given rewards for informing
- these justices of peace were dependant on other officials to bring offenders to them, they were often reluctant to do this as this made them unpopular

how did parliament work under H7?

-composed of 2 houses commons and lords
-NOT a permanent feature of government
-only met 7 times under H7
-called when the king needed to pass or law or needed money & establish the law
-H7 main aim was to restore law and order as this would bring stability and therefor support after the unrest of previous years
-king could summon and dissolve if he wanted
-men willing to take on roles like JPs as it brought them social prestige and increased status
-JPs responsibilities- used to pass acts of attainders against nobles & uphold H7 claim to the throne

how did royal finances work under H7?

-attempted to achieve royal finances through: reorganising financial administration, exploit order of ordinary (yearly from crown lands, feudal dues, customs and profits from justice) revenues & and increase income from extraordinary(usually raised in times of need or emergency ) revenue
-used exchequer but reverted to chamber system in 1487
-ordinary revenue\= most important crown lands x5 larger at the end of H7 reign
custom duties had dropped £40,000 from £70,000 under H7
-extraordinary revenue\= h7 could ask his wealthy subjects for loans- £203,000 during his reign
benevolences used in 1491 to raise money for expedition against France

why was England vulnerable to attack?

had secured all land on continent except for Calais during hundred year war with France in 1540s
\-had no standing army= venerability to attack from Scotland and France
\-needed to retain a friendship with the Netherlands as they were the centre of cloth trade England's most important export

what was H7's foreign policy with Brittany and France?

-Brittany established its independence, but France wanted to gain it back, This would increase the power of France
-H7 dilemma: owed France for his time in exile and support in 1485 BUT Francis II (Brittany) sheltered him
-Henry allowed the unofficial intervention of 500 troops and sent apology to France BUT French defeated Breton Forces (Jul 1488) & Anne of Beajeu took wardship of Anne of Brittany
-ANTI-FRENCH ALLIANCE (Winter 1488-9)
H7 reached diplomatic agreement with Brittany, Spain & Burgundy
-TREATY OF REDON (Feb 1489) Henry agreed to send 6,000 troops to support Breton independence. Anne paid and agreed not to marry without Henry's consent
-TREATY OR DORDECHT (Feb 1489)
Maximillian agreed to send 3,000 troops to support H7 but instead made a deal with Spain
-TREATY OF MEDINA DEL CAMPO (Mar 1489)
H7 & Spain made an agreement that saw England regain Normandy & Acquitane.
Prince Arthur would marry Catherine of Aragon, allying England and Spain. Catherine's dowry, paid in instalments to Henry, was set at £40,000.
Spain promised not to help any English rebels. Reduced tariffs on trade between England and Spain.
If either country went to war with France, the other one would help
-BUT Spain withdrew troops
Jan 1491 Maximilian married Anne by proxy, who was then forced to marry Charles in Dec
H7 prepared an invasion fleet (£181,500 raised in funds from parliament) in mid Sept 1492 & remained in Calais for a monthThe French wanted a quick campaign (2 days, 12 wounded)
-TREATY OF ETAPLES (1492)
French pension (a bribe to remove English troops from French soil - £159,000 to be paid £5,000/annum

what was H7's foreign policy with Italy?

-1494 France invaded Italy
-H7 had to consider that Italian wars distracted the European powers from Warbeck BUT Spain & HRE wanted him to intervene
-1496 H7 joined the Holy League (persuaded by Ferdinand), but on the condition that he would not attack France
-This allowed Henry to keep the terms of the Treaty of Etaples (renewed 1492)
-This kept the English out of Italy's wars which continued until his death

why was H7 able to avoid conflict with Scotland / scottish foreign policy ?

-Edward IV had taken Dunbar & Berwick. Scots took Dunbar back in 1486. Henry ignored it and 3 year truce with potential marriage alliance was agreed
1488 James III killed by rebels, James IV's regency was particularly anti-EnglishScotland was a traditional ally of France (esp. Breton Crisis) & was Sheltering Yorkist rebels
1492\= Earl of Angus establishes control & 9 year long truce established
1495\= James IV came of age and welcomed Warbeck
Married Warbeck to his cousin, Lady Catherine Gordon
Gave military support for an invasion and two years of shelter
1497\= Cornish rebellion & Warbeck's departure: H7 raised £120,000 which funded 2 royal armies, 5,000 troops and a fleet
TREATY OF AYTON (1497)\= Brokered peace between England and Scotland + warbeck killed
TREATY OF PERPETUAL PEACE (1502)\= Confirmed the marriage of Margaret and James IV

-boarder raids continued
-auld alliance first signed 1295 posed a threat to eng as they could face battle on 2 fronts

what was H7's foreign policy with Spain and burgundy?

-isabella of Castile died \> union of Spain collapsed (based on the marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon)
Isabelle's will gave Castile to her daughter Joanna, married to Philip of Burgundy (heir to HRE)
-Risks Castile being absorbed into HRE
-H7 sided with Philip and extricated Henry from potential marriage to Catherine Ferdinand turned to France (Treaty of Blois) - with French support he could gain acceptance of Castilian nobility
-Philip ended up shipwrecked on English coast and Henry had to consider:
risk of Philip's plans
dynastic insecurity
importance of Burgundian trade
de la Pole
-New treaty in Intercusus Malus signed (though never implemented) - de la Pole handed over to H7, none of the marriage plans went through, H7 agreed to support Joanna & Philip's claim by cancelling debt of £138,000
-Philip arrived in Castile to supportive nobility - died suddenly in 1506. Joanna had a mental breakdown and Ferdinand assumed control
-H7 Needed to sort out marriage alliances 1507: Charles & Mary finalised (later called off)Ferdinand refused marriage between Joanna and Henry
Catherine and H8 only agreed after the death of H7

what was H7's foreign policy with Burgundy?

-direct threat to Henry -Margaret sister of Edward IV and Richard III married Duke of burgundy > this offered a base for York claimants to the throne and their supporters

• main focus of cloth trade, eng had a weak position not strong enough to make favourable trade agreement however the treaty of medina del campo in 1489 meant that custom revenue rose from £33,000 to £40,000 in 1509

• Henry placed an embargo on trade with burgundy after maragret supported warbeck in 1493-96 the intercusus ended this 1506 malus intercusus meant eng would trade with burgundy for free and burgundy would not exclude England cloth from its lands -treaty with florence in 1490 established eng market for cloth in pisa

why was there a threat of invasion for H7?

-threat of claimants of the throne from spain and france could exploit henry's weak position and launch attacks on England's northern frontier of south Scotland\= essentially a back door
- france allied to Scotland\= BATTLE ON 2 FRONTS

what were dynastic threats and their impacts on H7?

-H7 had a weak claim to the throne meaning Europeans could exploit this weakness and use it to undermine him.
- so H7 sought alliances with a number of foreign policies (used marriages) which would give him recognition, protection and guaranteed they would not support other claimants

what was the financial position of H7 and its impact?

• weak financial position

• major aim to avoid war especially with france as they were allied to Scotland and financially stronger than England

what were H7 economic goals?

• maintain cloth trade with burgundy > increased revenue from trade strengthen the monarchy

• develop closer trade relations with other nations like spain

• had a 1 year negotiated truce with france in 1485 extended to 1489

• secured commercial treaty with Brittany in 1486

• had better relations with Scotland and a 3 year truce 1486

What was the Breton Crisis?

treaty of Breton 1489-Henry VII would provide 6,000 men from mid-February to November each year
- the Duke of Britanny died and France seized his daughter and refused to negotiater

what did henry do to france 1492?

• wanted to assert claim to French throne which was costly and may make his position at home vunerable -spent a year gathering invasion force and crossed the channel in oct 1494

• the king of france wanted to invade Italy but wanted to be rid of English troops

• treaty of etaples established on 3 nov 1492 meant france would give no aid to English rebels like warbeck, pay for most of H7's expenses in Brittany= annual pension of £5000 per year 5% of royal income gained

what happened to H7 after the treaty of etaples 1492?

-improved relations with france -secured trade agreement with france without losing friendship of the league -league of venice 1495 had an aim of driving france out of italy

• when the league was revamped in 1496 England was invited to join on the condition that England was bound to not go to war with france -tried to create a 3 way agreement with Eng, France & Netherlands which was anti Ferdinand alliance 1508 H7 seemed to have succeeded in creating an agreement between his Hapsburg and French friends against Ferdinand of Spain

• however Louis XII king of France reached an agreement over Italy and did not want to risk it by signing and anti Spanish treaty

• so the league signed and anti-venice and not anti-Spanish treaty which isolated England as they were not invited to join new league. what was H7 foreign policy with burgundy and Spain?

aims of Henry VIII when he came into power?

-desired to break with the past and rule of his father
-desired for war to be seen as valiant through success
-display himself as a warrior through mounting expeditions to French claim

what did H8 do when he came into power?

• married Catherine of Aragon to be seen as chivalrous by righting a wrong to a virtuous woman who behaved with dignity after arthur's death = ALLY WITH SPAIN

• Ferdinand of spain could break this marriage agreement if in his best interest

• arrested and executed Edmund Dudley and Sir Richard Empson who were responsible for implementing his fathers harsh policies

• appointed Warham and Fox as his advisors - determined to continue H7's policies

who were the nobility to H8?

regarded as his friends
-cancelled 175 bonds and recognisances

H8 foreign policy aims?

• to assert himself -show England as a major power

• secure succession of dynasty > married sister mary to louis XII

• achieve glory and honour -maintain good relationship with Netherlands as English cloth trade was dominated by antwerp

what was h8's foreign policy with Scotland?

\-1513= Battle of the Flodden
Simultaneously to the Battle of Spurs. James IV took advantage of Henry's absence to invade England. The Scottish army crossed the border and the Earl of Surrey had to move troops north to stop them. A battle was fought at Flodden, in which Surrey won a momentous victory and James IV was killed, his son James V was only a child. Henry's sister Margaret was now regent in Scotland.

what was h8's foreign policy with Spain?

-1511\= Anglo-Spanish deal to attack France
France had emerged as the leading power in Europe
following the Holy League against Venice in 1508. Louis XII's strength now threatened the popes
independence. Spain, The Hapsburg Empire and England allied together to get France out of Northern
Italy. Henry made plan with Ferdinand to jointly attack France and regain the lost lands Aquitaine for England. Parliament granted Henry the necessary money as he stated he was on a mission to save the
pope.
-1517 peace of cambrai- Francis stirring up trouble in scot with Scottish claimant duke of Albany to overthrow the regency govt of Margaret \> Francis won control of northern Italy\> treaty between Spain + hre + Francis \= Wolsey and eng not invited
-1518 treaty of London \> Leo x calling for crusade against turks \>Wolsey took these plans and modified them to suit himself - he organised a settlement of universal peace, placing England at the centre of diplomatic affairs. \> It guaranteed non-aggression and was signed by 20 European powers. It increased Henry's prestige \= ended threat of English isolation and Wolsey received the title of legate.
1521-3 Treaty of Bruges \= In 1521 Wolsey arranged a meeting in Bruges with Charles, it was agreed that England would invade France unless the French king agreed to make peace. Wolsey gained a delay on England's entry to the war until 1523. The war was not greeted happily in England, as it would be funded through taxation. In
1522 Surrey led a failed attack from Calais, receiving no support from Charles. In 1523, in response to a rebellion in France a three pronged attack was planed with HRE, English and Bourbon troops. A force worth £400,000 was sent under Suffolk, but the army fell apart (lack of supplies and weather). Wolsey could see failure so made peace with France under the Treaty of Bruges. Charles could tell England's support for them was fading.
1525 Diplomatic Revolution & Pavia \= Charles achieved victory at Pavia over the French, capturing Francis I.
Henry and Wolsey sought to benefit from the events, however Charles called off the proposed marriage to Mary and the Anglo-Imperial alliance was on the rocks. England had to solidify its alliance with France and so the Treaty of More was signed that gave up all rights of English kings to the French throne in return for a pension.
1527 sack of rome \= England & France cemented their alliance with the Treaty of Westminster - Mary presented as a pawn in marriage to Francis. Henry threatened Charles with armed intervention if he didn't make an 'adequate peace' with his enemies.
In 1527 Charles V sacked Rome and took Pope Clement VII hostage, eventually releasing him but keeping a virtual puppet.

what was h8's foreign policy with France ?

-1512 \= Start of 1st Anglo-French war Henry sent 12,000 troops were sent in April 1512 under the Marquis of Dorset to Bayonne. Henry and Ferdinand had planned a joint Anglo-Spanish invasion to regain Aquitaine. Ferdinand used English troops as a diversion to attack Navarre. English troops soon succumbed to drunkenness, and the troops were recalled.
-1513 \=Battle of the Spurs The pope was still keen to pursue victory over France. Henry had learnt it was best to act without allies. He personally led 30,000 men
to Calais in June 1513. The following campaign captured Tournai and Therounne with little resistance. Therounne was given to Maximillian, and Tournai was garrisoned
(expensively) until 1518. all that
was seen of the French was their spurs as they ran away.
some important French nobles had been
captured.
1514 anglo French treaty \=Henry had spent £960,000 from 1511-13 on war - with an ordinary income of only £110,000 pa \> By 1514 he was forced to make peace with France \> Ferdinand and Maximillian were not longer interested in attacking France and had both made treaties behind Henry's back. The new pope favoured peace and so a treaty was drawn up to give Henry Tournai, and Louis agreed to pay the arrears on the pension, and a marriage between Henry's sister Mary and Louis.
1520 field of cloth \= francis and Henry met near Calais. There were over 3000 notables from each country. It was a ridiculously expensive little was achieved, England couldn't remain neutral - just after Henry and Charles V had a secret meeting at Gravelines, with Charles desperately seeking an assurance of English neutrality - which was more likely as England was traditionally France's enemy
1526 treaty of cognac \= Francis was released and looked to challenge Charles' hegemony. The Treaty of Cognac aligned France, England and several Italian states against Hapsburg control of Italy.
Wolsey helped set up the League of Cognac and England financed it but never joined.
1529 Peace of Cambrai \= France, Spain and the papacy signed this peace - Wolsey was not informed and Charles was left with defacto control over Italy.

Wolsey's rise to power through luck?

- aided as many of H8's advisors had been removed or were in political retirement
-in 1509 Wolsey became the Royal Almoner, a post that automatically made him a member of the Royal Council. This gave Wolsey the chance to win the attention of the king and gain his trust.
-Wolsey had been right man for Henry at right time. Henry was tired of old ministers and didn't want his reign influenced by his father's. He was looking for someone to do the administration. Wolsey was willing and able.

Wolsey's rise to power through hard work?

• overcame logistical obstacles in supplying the army and opposition more than those in authority, always met H8's wishes e.g Wolsey organised the logistics of a 12,000 man army for Battle of Spurs in the First French War(1512-13). This was a roaring success as it managed to crush France, whilst besieging Theronne and Tournai.

• went in oxford at the age of 15

• noticed his opportunities for promotion and was a great flatterer and hard worker which appealed to the king

Wolsey's rise to power through skill?

-Wolsey's diplomatic skills also were rather impressive, exemplified through the Anglo French Treaty (1514). This particular treaty which brought peace between France and England was a success as it was written in HVIII's favour, gaining him a pension
-1512-13 Wolsey worked very hard in organising expeditionary force to invade France. He made sure that it ran smoothly and allowed the english army comprising of 12 000 to set sail for Gascony.

what were H8's and wolseys domestic policy aims?

h8 -secure dynasty -international success

• annulment

• money for war wolsey -staying in power as long as possible

• pleasing the king -bringing the people justice (VENDETTA AGAINST NOBLES, who did not like him because of his background) -influence over church

what was H8's + Wolsey domestic policy on parliament?

• Between 1510 and 1515 there were six parliamentary sessions as Henry needed money for war. He gained much money due to Wolsey's reformed taxation system -Wolsey's new tax based on personal wealth used 4 times and made £170,000

• in 1523 Wolsey asked for a subsidy of 4 shillings but was only given £30,000 to fund h8 wars

what was H8's + wolsey domestic policy on the king's court?

• large group of nobles in the privy chamber -H8's minions = Henry VIII relied on them to help him govern. Their access to Henry at all times meant that they had considerable influence, which Wolsey sought to limit.

• 1519 Wolsey expelled them from the Privy Chamber, stating it was because they were leading Henry astray. -1526 eltham ordinances passed which reduced PC from 12-6 -Wolsey removed the 6 most politically active Gentlemen, Wolsey hoped to regain influence over Henry. -1515 Wolsey in charge of the court

what was H8's + Wolsey domestic policy on enclosure ?

-leading to depopulation
-Wolsey established an enclosure commission in 1517-18, and the findings were to be used by the Court of Chancery to help enforce the Acts.
-1518-29 legal action taken against 264 people
-The proceedings were taken against 9 nobles, 3 bishops, 32 knights, 51 heads of religious houses, and several Oxford colleges, showing how Wolsey was prepared to challenge the highest men in the land.
-wolsey called parliament in 1523 agreed to parliamentary subsidy if he dropped his anti-enclosure work

what was H8's + Wolsey domestic policy on the courts?

\-1515 wolsey appointed lord chancellor = he presided over the Court of the Star Chamber and the Court of Chancery, which both expanded massively
\-Wolsey oversaw almost 9,000 cases, 120 a year in the Star court alone - in Henry VII's reign only a dozen were brought before it per year.
\-at as the judge in the Star Court several times a week. While he attracted much new business to the court he failed to reform it bureaucratically
\-any one, rich or poor, could bring a case to the Star Chamber = emphasise that it was used to benefit the poor by providing cheap, impartial justice
\-Wolsey brought aristocrats before the court- 1515 the Earl of Northumberland was sent to Fleet Prison by Wolsey
\-court more accessible to the poor a special committee was established at Westminster in 1519 to hear their cases.

what was H8's + Wolsey domestic policy on the church?

\-wolsey appointed papal legate in 1518 = most powerful man in England
\-problem of pluralism =Wolsey had two dioceses at any one time.
\-use the church as a way of promoting himself politically, and had two illegitimate children.
\-Wolsey began to investigate church reforms, for example the setting up of new Bishoprics, funded by the closure of some monasteries, but by 1529 these plans had come to nothing
\-Wolsey closed 29 religious houses that were deemed unsatisfactory and used the funds to build Cardinal College at Oxford and a grammar school in Ipswich
\-1515= Richard Hunne charged with heresy then found dead in the custody of the Bishop of London, the Bishops officials were charged with murder. The Bishop wanted to try his official in a church court under church law = 1512 Parliament had limited the power of church courts to try their own.

what was the relationship between Wolsey and the church?

• used church to fund his great lifestyle -pressured pope to make him cardinal in 1515 -Wolsey was a pluralist and had more than one office such as archbishop of York and bishop of Lincoln, he also elected himself abbot of the rich abbey St. Albans

• took vow of celibacy but had a daughter which he sent to a nunnery and a son who he gave to a church -persuaded the pope to appoint him papal legate 1518 and negotiated a truce between the European states and organised crusade against the turks

Why did Wolsey fall from power?

-amicable grant -failure in foreign policy -unable to secure annulment, h8 had to break from Rome, Wolsey had been given 2 years and promised h8 that the kings matter would be easily resolved because of his influence with papacy

• the nobility strongly disliked Wolsey, the Boleyn faction was against wolsey and said Wolsey was hostile to them as he gained little from the divorce

• died on 29 nov 1530

what were h8 religious reforms?

• few legislative changes

• gave Henry more power -break from rome

• 1532 church had surrendered the right to eat clerical laws -1529 ops in parliament attacked what they claimed were widespread abuse in the church- h8 could claim the church needed reform -1536 act of 10 articles which rejected 4 catholic sacraments -1538 John Lambert executed for rejecting transubstantiation -1539 act of six articles confirmed transubstantiation and forbade the taking of communion in both kinds

what were h8's reason for religious change?

-refused annulment -h8 wanted the wealth of the church and Cromwell had promised to make him the "richest man in christendom"

• power- given legal power over the church

• fear of catholic crusade after excommunication

What was the dissolution of the monasteries?

• corruption breaking vows of celibacy -monks brought women into monastries

• fake relics e.g Hailes abbey in Gloucester who presented the blood of christ which was just a vile filled with saffron and honey -money resale value of £1.3million -Cromwell promised to make him "the richest prince in christendom"

what was the pilgrimage of grace (opposition to religious change)?

-pilgrimage of Grace oct 1536 - feb 1537 serious as rebels outnumbered the king, controlled pontefract castle and had control of a major north city York and attracts support from all classes. -occurred in the northern counties of England and involved 40,000 rebels and outnumbered the forced of the king by 5:1 -due to news of the government dissolving smaller monasteries and seizing the church plates and jewels -regional armies under Robert Aske assembles

• H8 sent Duke of Norfolk to negotiate, agreement reached and rebels dispersed

• sir Francis bigod raised another force in jan 1537 giving h8 the excuse he needed to execute gentry and nobles including Aske. 178 executed

what other opposition was there to religious change?

• Elizabeth barton gained support from catholics after seeing visions of Virgin Mary, opposed h8's annulment and prophesised he would lose his throne = executed 24th April 1534

• Thomas Moore was a friend of h8 who always opposed his divorce, resigned as lord chancellor after submission of the clergy and no longer supported h8 accepted royal supremacy but refused to say h8 had always been the head of the church and accept papal authority charged under treason act and refused to swear oath = executed 6th July 1535 and canonised by catholic church -bishop of Rochester opposed royal supremacy and was outspoken about his opposition, he continued to preach in COA defence and believed in power of papacy so refused to swear oath = imprisoned and executed June 1535 = made cardinal by pope and had catholic support

how protestant was England by h8's death?

• attack on traditional practices= decline in number coming forward for ordination = Anne of cleaves = protestant = Catherine howard = catholic = Catherine parr = catholic -large scale conversion to protestantism in countryside e.g Gloucestershire

• church did not welcome change= many changes were doctrinal

• key catholic beliefs kept the same such as transubstantiation -wills were still catholic in their wordings= referring to Virgin Mary -some changes suggested change but were reversed by acts like the 6 articles

how did Cromwell rise to power?

religion -wanted to make eng more protestant

• treason act of 1534 made it treasonous to fail to report those who spoke out against kings new title

• 10 articles 1536 and bishops books 1536 undermined the catholic sacraments

• distributed English bible to every parish government

• 1536 took advantage of Boleyn faction to appoint his servants Anthony denny and Peter Shewtis key gov position

• July 1536 risen to lord privy seal and been elevated ro the peerage as baron cromwell

• increased workload of parliament with 1032 of laws financial

• made h8 £1.3mill from monastery dissolution

• persuaded parliament to agree to peacetime taxation of £214,065 when £1.3 mill ran out

what were Cromwell's aims rising into power?

* Promote Protestantism: Cromwell was a Lutheran and wanted to pursue a fairly radical Protestant agenda.
\-Fulfil Henry's wishes: Unlike Wolsey, Cromwell was not in it purely for his own ends.
\-Secure his position: As a man of common birth whose mentor (Wolsey) was executed, Cromwell felt the need to protect himself.

Why did Cromwell fall from power?

Anne of cleaves 1540 attempted alliance with the League of Schmalkalden (an organisation of German princes with cities in the HRE- by arranging a marriage with Anne of Cleves) protestant league= treaty signed Hampton court 1539 = h8 dubbed Anne "flanders mare" Cromwell took blame for exaggerating her beauty and was imprisoned in tower

• executed July 28th 1540 same day of h8's marriage to Catherine of howard religion -cromwell wanted a more protestant stance, h8 reluctantly went along with moves towards alliance with league of schmalkalden as he needed an ally for catholic invasion -h8 called the fateful 1539 parliament when Cromwell was at the peak of his powers

• Cromwell attempted to distract the king with promises of another subsidy- this failed and the duke of Norfolk took over 6 articles conservative faction -cromwell excluded gardiner from council in 1539 -1540 persuaded king to make him lord great chamberlain

• h8 picked to marry gardiner's niece/ Cromwell's rival

• Cromwell tried to blame botaf conspiracy on rivals= backfired and got him arrested

why was Catherine parr arrested?

h8's wife from the catholic faction had failed Cranmer plot so they turned to parr

• accused parr of being a heretic and confronted with evidence

• parr won h8 over by promising her faith

• opponents greeted with abuse from king for committing treasonous act when they came to arrest parr

why did h8 execute Catherine Howard in 1542?

• Thomas Howard, duke of Norfolk looked to increase conservative influence at court

• once Cromwell had annulled Anne of cleaves marriage and had been executed Henry married Catherine giving the conservative faction great influence and leaving reformist with no leader -Catherine had an affair with Thomas Culpepper and in oct 1541 the reformist faction ( Cranmer and Seymour) gave h8 evidence -Henry executed Culpepper, Catherine, Dereham and Rockford (facilitated affair) > lead conservatives untouched

what was the Cranmer plot?

• 1543 several conservative clergymen accused 2 reformers of heresy

• Germain gardiner added on attack on Cranmer to accusation -articles delivered to the council on 22 April 1543 & September 1543 h8 told Cranmer to carry out new investigation into the full charges, including the conspiracy against Cranmer himself

• when the privy council came to arrest Cranmer for the involvement with the reformers, crammers revealed the ring h8 gave him= his trust

• surprise raid = evidence found ending in second rank conservative leaders being imprisoned and Germain Gardiner executed

the Duke of Norfolk and the earl of Surrey ?

-old nobility related to Edward III who had a claim to the throne -believed the claim meant they should advise the king -1546 Surrey lost 205 men in skirmish with French forces at st Etienne and fell from favour with h8

• claimed that Surrey had fitted in a window containing the Plantagenet coat of arms and had discussed his families Plantagenet blood, dangerous as h8's health was declining and he was nervous about potential threat to his sons reign

• evidence shown by Seymour 1546 2nd dec and Surrey arrested and execute on 19th jan 1547 and Norfolk arrested though H8 died before his execution

what happened with the will of h8?

• Edward born in 1537 securing h8's succession and achieved h8's objective of having a male heir

• h8 declining health in 1546 meant a minor would have to succeed him

• to prevent a power struggle he gave power to Seymour and the reformists and solidified his adjustments in his will

• members in the council were to have equal power until Edward reached 18 -members given new titles and land from monasteries to ensure loyalty and cooperation -william Paget left space between signature for h8's will for future amendments with plans for it to be signed dec 1546 - details of regency council added in when h8 was significantly closer to death

• Seymour utilised this and gave himself full control of the council and full monarchial power -Anthony denny had the dry stamp

• likely kings death 1547 kept a secret for3 days to put this into action

h8's foreign policy in the 1540s?

• fear of catholic crusade so he married Anne of cleaves = alliance with lutheran princess (Germany) -concerns of catholic crusade against eng from 1530s to dec 1538

• war started between HRE & France and H8 spent £2million on war during 1540s and used up rest of resources gained from the dissolution of the monasteries, debased coinage, heavy taxation and forced loans =costly failure

• france and Spain recalled their English ambassadors in 1539 = catholic crusade feared

national network of fortification built + work in calais =£376,477

h8's foreign policy with france 1540s?

• anglo imperial treaty 1542 drew eng into anglo Valois conflict -france + HRE treaty of crepy 1544

• led 48,000 man army to capture city of bologne strategically used defence of calais- was a symbolic victory of status with no help from allies -1542 attempted French invasion on SW England, French sent allies to eng = eng security under threat

• treaty of camp 1546 eng could keep bologna for 7 years and france had to pay any outstanding payments from French pension

h8's foreign policy in Scotland?

-h8 had aims to claim French throne and unite eng and Scotland

• James loyal to France, married 2 French princesses and protected rebels who fled north after pilgrimage of grace

• H8 arranged to meet James V at York 1541 and he did not show= personal insult

• victory at battle of solway moss nov 1542 = captured Scottish nobles

• James v died at battle making MQS queen, Henry proposed peace through Edward marrying Mary in terms on treaty of greenwich 1543, Scottish nobles who had been captured given bribes for their support -parliament rejected in December

• h8 arranged anglo imperial alliance 1542 and conducted number of boarder raids to get Scots to agree ( earl of Hertford led in 1544 & 45)

• unable to inflict serious damage -Scots decide to marry Mary to French prince dauphin - reinforced auld alliance and boarder raids could continue whenever end was occupied with French

how did Cromwell rise to power?

luck -secured nomination of the vacant parliamentary seat of taunton after Wolseys falll

• worked as business agent after returning to eng in 1515 which involved legal work and money leading skill

• recognised the untapped potential of the minor post principal secretary to the king -memorised entire new testament showing his religious conviction and his keen mind henrys will

• had a number of close friends to h8 such as bishop Stephen gardiner

• defended his old master in westminister and untangled many of Wolsey's complex legal affairs= impressing h8

wolsey and h8's annulment?

• had nothing to gain from Anne's ascension to the throne as this would limit his power

• August 1529 henry was convinced wolsey had no intention of getting him an annulment

• treaty of more 1525- French alliance - England agreed to invade Charles for possession of the pope's Charles would never allow an annulment as it would make his niece, Mary, illegitimate papal dispensation via legatine court -Campeggio sent to England on behalf of pope to discuss annulment with Wolsey however Campeggio ordered to delay the annulment as much as possible

what was the king's council?

what was the king's council?

what were H7 foreign policy aims?

\-protect the kingdom from possible invasion in the support of claimants and build up financial resources \n -wanted to gain claim to the throne from European powers as a usurper \n -avoid war

what were Wolseys foreign policy aims?

\-trying to maintain the balance of power \n -To benefit the pope, with the aim of eventually becoming pope \n -To place England at the centre of European diplomacy

* what was h8's + Wolsey amicable grant domestic policy?

amicable grant- 1523 non-refundable contribution to H8 demanded, followed by a period of high taxation = Wolsey took blame for grant = unpopular with nobles

what was H8's great matter?

• h8 wanted an heir and COA had just miscarried a child that was potentially a boy -h8 was sending love letters to Anne Boleyn however she refused to be his mistress -h8 wanted an annulment from COA but the Catholic Church would not allow this -leviticus 20:21 used to say he should be allowed to annul Catherine as she was his brothers wife first

• presented idea that he had a bad conscience