Chapter 17 - Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Archibald Garrod

________, a British physician, was the first to propose in 1902 that genes control phenotypes via enzymes, proteins that catalyze particular chemical processes in the cell.

Transcription

________ and translation are two phases in the expression of genes that code for proteins.

Beadle

________ and Tatum needed to disable just one allele (rather than two, as in a diploid animal) of a protein- coding gene necessary for a certain metabolic function to see a change in the phenotype of a mutant.

RNA

An organism's inherited DNA determines certain characteristics through directing the production of proteins and ________ molecules involved in protein synthesis.

Garrod

________ reasoned that most individuals have an enzyme that breaks down alkapton, but those with alkaptonuria have a hereditary inability to produce that enzyme, thus alkapton is excreted in their urine.

1930s

In the ________, George Beadle, an American scientist, and geneticist, and his French colleague Boris Ephrussi hypothesized that in Drosophila, each mutation affecting eye color inhibits pigment synthesis at a specific phase by inhibiting the development of the enzyme that catalyzes that step.

1958

In ________, Beadle and Tatum shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for "discovering that genes work by controlling certain genes, "chemical occurrences "(in the words of the Nobel committee)

Adrian Srb

________ and Norman Horowitz, then at Stanford University, used Beadle and Tatum's experimental method to find mutants that required arginine in their growth medium when working with the mold Neurospora crassa.

Biochemists

________ discovered that most organic compounds are synthesized and degraded by cells via metabolic pathways, in which each chemical reaction in a series is mediated by a particular enzyme.

DNA

The monomers in ________ or RNA are the four kinds of nucleotides that vary in their nitrogenous bases.

Proteins

________, in other words, serve as the connection between genotype and phenotype.

Gene Expression

The mechanism through which DNA controls the production of proteins is known as ________.

one gene-one enzyme hypothesis

Several decades later, studies corroborated Garrod's idea that a gene determines the production of a single enzyme, which was eventually dubbed the ________.

Neurospora crassa

A breakthrough occurred a few years later at Stanford University when Beadle and Edward Tatum began studying with a haploid bread mold called ________.

Genes

________ are generally hundreds or thousands of nucleotides long, with each ________ having a unique nucleotide sequence.