unit 2 - how do we use matter

amorphous

Solid particles lack structure, and has no repeating pattern. Particles have irregular shapes, and disordered, with no lattice structure. For example, glass and rubber. Has no definite melting point, irregular breakage, and less stable.

crystalline

solid particles that are highly ordered and organized structure that forms a crystal lattice. has sharp melting points less than 5 °C

polycrystalline

solids have different crystalites with different size, placement, and orientation. it is separated by grain boundaries with semi orgnaized structure

heterogenous

A heterogeneous mixture is not uniform in appearance and has different properties visible to the eye. It consists of two or more phases. It can be a colloid or suspension.

homogenous definition

A homogenous mixture has a uniform appearance and consistent composition throughout the particles and shape. It only consists of one phase. It is either a gas, liquid or solid.

solute

substance dissolved into the solvent

solvent

substance the solute dissolves in

solution

homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances

saturated solution

state of solution when the solvent cannot dissolve any more solute at a specific temperature

unsaturated solution

state of solution where more solute can be dissolved by the solvent at a specific temperature

suspension

heterogeneous mixture where solute like particles are spread throughout the solvent without dissolving. particles are visible to the eye, and eventually settle.

colloid

heterogeneous mixture where microscopic particles of one substance is evenly dispersed throughout another substance without settling out.

gels

type of colloid where a liquid is dispersed within a solid, forming a semi solid substance.

miscible substance

substance that dissovles into one another

immiscible substance

substances that cannot dissolve into one another

emulsion

mixture of 2 or more liquids which are normally immiscible and is done through an emulsifier

emulsifier

substance that makes immiscible substances form a mixture and prevents them from separating. They consist of two ends. Hydrophillic and hydrophobic.

how do emulsifiers work

the hydrophilic side is attracted to water, hwile the hydrophobic side i sattracted to oil. this holds the oil and water together, allowing them to not separate.

decantation

separation technique used to separate components of a liquid to solid suspension by pouring the liwuid phase after the solid phases sedimentation due to its larger weight

evaporation

separation technique used to separate solid solutes from liquid solvents by the different volatiles of phases accomplished by the heating of the solvent into a vapor.

separating funnel

form of decantation used to separate immiscible liquids by using a separating funnel to poure out the mixture’s denser phase

filtration

separation technique used to separate solid impurities from a solid to liquid mixture by the passage of a solution through a porous filter system permeable only to the liquid through gravity.

paper chromatography

separation process used to separate colored mixtures of soluble substacnes by their differential rates of capillary action

capillary action

movement of a liquid through or along another material against an opposing force such as gravity

simple distillation

separation technique used to separate miscible liquids that differ greatly in voltallity by the heating and cooling of the mixture to vaporise the more volatile distillate

voltality

how easy a substance will vaporize

fractional distillation

separation technique used to separate miscible liquids into 2 or more different components when components of mixtures differ only slightly in volatiliy by the creation of a heat gradient using a fractioning column.

important apparatus for decantation

glass rod, beaker

important apparatus for evaporation

evaporating basin, bunsen burner

important apparatus of separating funnel

separating funnel, filter funnel, conical flask, clamp stand

important method for separating funnel

declamp the funnel, shake carefully, slowly opening the stopcock to prevent pressure buildup. (before the whole experiment starts)

important apparatus fo filtration

filter paper, filter funnel, clamp stand, erlenmeyer flask

where does each hole in the condenser (name it) do for simple distillation

liebig condenser

water out above, water in below

important apparatus of simple distillatoin

distilling flask, liebig condenser, boiling stones, receiving flask, clamp stand, 3 way adapter

retention factor

distance travelled by spot / distance travelled by solvent

osmosis definition

process by which water molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration through a semi permeable membrane

semipermeable definition

membrane where only certain substances can pass through

dialysate + purpose

solution of pure water, electrolytes, and salts. it is supposed to pull toxins from the blood into the dialysate through diffusion

dialysis

separation technique using a semipermeable membrane to separate colloids from crystalloids based on their differing diffusion rates through the membrane’s pores.

equipment for osmosis

visking tube, string, balance scale