Bio chapter 21 & 22

lymphatic and respiratory

bacterial cells can be

beneficial or pathogenic

the immune system is

cell population that inhabits all organs and defends the body from agents of disease

clear colorless fluid similar to plasma, but less protein

lymph

lymph starts out as

tissue fluid that is reabsorbed into lymphatic capillaries

lymphatic vessels

transport lymph

aggregates of defense cells that populate many organs

lymphatic tissues

red bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils and spleen are all

lymphatic organs

lymph floes from lymphatic capillaries to

collecting vessels

the flow of lymph starts in

lymphatic ca[illaries

lymph floes from collecting vessels to

lymphatic ducts

lymph flows from lymphatic ducts to

subclavian veins

lymph flows from subclavian veins to

superior vena cava

lymph floes from superior vena cava to

right atrium

lymph flow is moved by

rhythmic contractions of lymph vessels

lymphatic valves prevent

backflow

exercise

increases lymphatic return

stretching lymphatic vessels stimulates

contraction of smooth muscle in media tunica

lymphatic capillaries are

closed at one end

lymphatic capillaries are composed of

thin endothelial cells

lymphatic vessels penetrate

almost all body tissues

lymphatic vessels resemble

veins

lymphatic vessels contain valves that

open when interstitial fluid is high and close when interstitial fluid is low

lymphatic trunks drain

major portions of the body

what are the 6 lymphtic trunks

jugular, subclavian, broncho mediastinal, intercostal, intestinal, lumbar

what are the 2 lymphatic collecting ducts

right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct

which duct receives lymph from right arm, right side of head, and thorax and empties into right subclavian vein

right lymphatic duct

which duct begins as a sac in the abdomen, receives lymph from below diaphragm, left arm, left side of head and neck, and thorax then empties into the subclavian vein

thoracic duct

what is the lymphatic sac that begins the thoracic duct in the abdomen called

cisterna chyli

NK cells stands for

natural killer cells

NK cells are

large lymphocytes that attack and destroy bacteria, foreign cells, and cancer cells

T lymphocytes are also called

T cells

T cells are

immune cells that mature in the thymus

B lymphocytes are also called

B cells

B cells

differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies

what phagocytizes tissue debris, bacteria, and other foreign matter

macrophages

Antigen presenting cells (APCs) display

foreign matter to immune cells

dendritic cells are 

APCs found in the epidermis and lymphatic organs

reticular cells are

APCCs found in the thymus

aggregations of lymphocytes in mucus membranes or organs

lymphatic tissue

MALT stands for

mucosa associated lymph tissue

MALT are

areas of scattered lymphocytes prevalent in body passages, open to the exterior respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts

lymphatic nodules are

dense masses of lymphocytes and macrophages that congregate in response to pathogens, consistently present on lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen and appendix

what are the primary lymphatic organs

thymus and red bone marrow

what does immunocompetent mean

able to recognize and respond to antigens

the primary lymphatic organs are where

T and B cells become immunocompetant

secondary lymphatic organs include

lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen

immunocompetent cells populate

secondary lymphatic organs, typically in the form on nodes

red bone marrow is important for

hemopoiesis and immunity

when lymphocytes and red blood cells mature in the red bone marrow they enter into

sinusoid capillaries and then into the blood stream

where is red bone marrow located in adults

axial skeleton and proximal head of femur and humorous

the thymus is a

bilobed organ located superior to the heart

the cortex is the

site of lymphocyte development and maturation

the medulla contains

T lymphocytes and is the site of entry to the blood

reticular epithelial cells

produce hormones that promote development of lymphocytes (thymosin)

what seals off the cortex from the medulla forming blood thymus barrier

reticular epithelial cells

lymph nodes are the

most numerous lymphatic organ

the lymph node cortex contains

lymphatic nodules where B cells multiply and differentiate into plasma cells

the lymph node medulla contains

lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, reticular cells, and reticular fibers

what are the 2 functions of lymph nodes

cleanse lymph and act as a site of T and B cell activation

lymph flows through what type of vessels

afferent lymphatic vessels

lymph exits through what type of vessel

efferent lymphatic vessels

what is the course of lymph

arrives through afferent lymphatic vessels, is filtered and cleansed through the cortex and medulla, then flows out through efferent lymphatic vessels 

cervical lymph nodes receive lymph from

head and neck

axillary lymph nodes receive lymph from

upper limbs and female breasts

thoracic lymph nodes receive lymph from

mediastinum and lungs

abdominal lymph nodes receive lymph from

urinary and reproductive systems

intestinal/mesenteric lymph nodes receive lymph from

digestive tract

inguinal lymph nodes receive lymph from

entire lower limb

popliteal lymph nodes receive lymph from

leg proper

tonsils are

patches of lymphatic tissue located at the entrance of the pharynx

tonsils have

deep pits lined with lymphatic nodules

tonsils gaurd against

ingested or inhaled pathogens

what are the 3 main sets of tonsils

palatine, lingual, pharyngeal tonsils

palatine tonsils

located at posterior margin of oral cavity, most often infected

lingual tonsils are located

at the root of the tingue

pharyngeal tonsils (adenoid) are

single tonsil on wall of nasopharynx

the spleen is the

largest lymphatic organ, highly vascular

red pulp

sinuses filled with erythrocytes

white pulp

lymphocytes, macrophages surrounding small branches of splenic artery

what are the functions of the spleen

blood production in fetus, blood monitoring, RBC disposal

what is the first line of defense

external barriers, mucous membrane, skin

second line of defense

protection against pathogens that break through external barriers

what makes up the second line of defense

leukocytes, macrophages, antimicrobial proteins, immune surveillance, inflammation and fever

the second lie of defense is

is effective against a broad range of pathogens and does not require previous exposure

the  third line of defense is

adaptive immunity

the third line of defense does what

defeats a specific pathogen and leaves the body with a memory of it, includes cellular and humoral (blood) immunity

innate immunity is different from adaptive immunity because innate immunity has

local effect, nonspecific, lacks memory

the exception for innate immunity not having a local effect is

fevor

external barriers of innate immunity

skin, mucous membranes, subepithelial areolar tissue

components of leukocytes in innate immunity

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes

antimicrobial proteins components of innate immunity

interferon, complement system

components of fever in innate immunity

exogenous and endogenous pyrogens

components of inflammation in innate immunity

cytokines, leukocytes, macrophages

components of skin in the external barriers of innate immunity

makes it mechanically difficult for microorganisms to enter the body

acid mantel

thin film of lactic acid from sweat which inhibits bacterial growth

mucous membrane components in external factors of innate immunity

protects digestive, respiratory and reproductive tracts that open to the exterior