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Vowels
A speech sound that is formed without a significant constriction of the oral and pharyngeal cavities and that serves as a syllable nucleus
3 parameters for vowel articulation
Tongue (and jaw) height
Tongue advancement (frontness - backness in oral cavity)
Lip shape (rounded or unrounded/retracted)
Raised tongue and jaw
= High vowel
e.g. /i/ as in “seat”
Lowered tongue and jaw
= low vowel
e.g. /a/ as in “start”
Advanced (far-forward) tongue
= front vowel
e.g. /e/ as in “bet”
Retracted tongue
= back vowel
e.g. /ɔ/ as in “bought”
Rounded/pursed lips
= rounded vowel
e.g., /u/ as in “suit”
Spread/unrounded lips
= unrounded/retracted vowel
e.g., /i/ as in “steep”
Pitch vowel is spoken at depends on
rate at which the VFs vibrate
Overtone pitches depend on
shape of the vocal tract and its resonating fs (formants)
Formants
different sections of the vocal tract resonating a different fs
hear 1st and 2nd when you whisper
correspond to the degree of tongue/jaw height and tongue advancement
NZE Vowels
Fleece /i/
Kit /ɪ/
Dress /e/
Trap /æ/
Start /a/
Strut /ʌ/
Lot /ɒ/
Thought /ɔ/
Goose /u/
Foot /ʊ/
Nurse /ʒ/
Comma /ə/
Corner vowels of NZE
Fleece /i/ - high-front
Thought /ɔ/ - high-back
Start /a/ - low central
Diphthong
Double sound
single vowel phoneme with 2 parts
Diphthongs of NZE
No /oʊ/
High /ai/
Way /ei/
Cow /aʊ/
Boys /ɔi/
Transcribing vowels
More difficult than consonants because accents and individual variation usually carried in the vowels
Some speakers don’t differentiate between certain vowels
E.g., “cot” versus “caught”
E.g., “merry” “Mary” “marry”
No distinct boundaries between one vowel and another
Changing the vowel changes the meaning of a word
Fleece /i/
Tongue - high
Advancement - front
Lips - neutral
Words - seat, free, fiend, key
Kit /ɪ/
Tongue - mid
Advancement - central
Lips - neutral
Words - sit, Sydney, pretty
Dress /e/
Tongue - high
Advancement - front
Lips - neutral
Words - set, head, Geoff, many
Trap /æ/
Tongue - mid
Advancement - front
Lips - neutral
Words - sat, bad, gas, happy
Start /a/
Tongue - lowered
Advancement - central
Lips - neutral
Words - cart, grass, dance, bath
Strut /ʌ/
Tongue - lowered
Advancement - central
Lips - neutral
Words - cut, butter, rough, money
Lot /ɒ/
Tongue - mid
Advancement - back
Lips - round
Words - cot, body, what
Thought /ɔ/
Tongue - high
Advancement - back
Lips - round
Words - cord, caught, call, draw
Goose /u/
Tongue - high
Advancement - central
Lips - round
Words - suit, boot, shoot, chute
Foot /ʊ/
Tongue - mid
Advancement - central
Lips - round
Words - put, book
Nurse /ʒ/
Tongue - front
Advancement - mid
Lips - round
Words - shirt, work, hurt, fern
Comma /ə/
Tongue - mid
Advancement - central
Lips - neutral
Words - letter, kitten, ago, cotton