Vowels

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28 Terms

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Vowels

A speech sound that is formed without a significant constriction of the oral and pharyngeal cavities and that serves as a syllable nucleus

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3 parameters for vowel articulation

  1. Tongue (and jaw) height

  2. Tongue advancement (frontness - backness in oral cavity)

  3. Lip shape (rounded or unrounded/retracted)

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Raised tongue and jaw

= High vowel

e.g. /i/ as in “seat”

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Lowered tongue and jaw

= low vowel

e.g. /a/ as in “start”

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Advanced (far-forward) tongue

= front vowel

e.g. /e/ as in “bet”

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Retracted tongue

= back vowel

e.g. /ɔ/ as in “bought”

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Rounded/pursed lips

= rounded vowel

e.g., /u/ as in “suit”

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Spread/unrounded lips

= unrounded/retracted vowel

e.g., /i/ as in “steep”

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Pitch vowel is spoken at depends on

rate at which the VFs vibrate

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Overtone pitches depend on

shape of the vocal tract and its resonating fs (formants)

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Formants

different sections of the vocal tract resonating a different fs

  • hear 1st and 2nd when you whisper

correspond to the degree of tongue/jaw height and tongue advancement

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NZE Vowels

Fleece /i/

Kit /ɪ/

Dress /e/

Trap /æ/

Start /a/

Strut /ʌ/

Lot /ɒ/

Thought /ɔ/

Goose /u/

Foot /ʊ/

Nurse /ʒ/

Comma /ə/

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Corner vowels of NZE

Fleece /i/ - high-front

Thought /ɔ/ - high-back

Start /a/ - low central

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Diphthong

Double sound

single vowel phoneme with 2 parts

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Diphthongs of NZE

  • No /oʊ/

  • High /ai/

  • Way /ei/

  • Cow /aʊ/

  • Boys /ɔi/

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Transcribing vowels

  • More difficult than consonants because accents and individual variation usually carried in the vowels

  • Some speakers don’t differentiate between certain vowels

    • E.g., “cot” versus “caught”

    • E.g., “merry” “Mary” “marry”

  • No distinct boundaries between one vowel and another

  • Changing the vowel changes the meaning of a word

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Fleece /i/

Tongue - high

Advancement - front

Lips - neutral

Words - seat, free, fiend, key

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Kit /ɪ/

Tongue - mid

Advancement - central

Lips - neutral

Words - sit, Sydney, pretty

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Dress /e/

Tongue - high

Advancement - front

Lips - neutral

Words - set, head, Geoff, many

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Trap /æ/

Tongue - mid

Advancement - front

Lips - neutral

Words - sat, bad, gas, happy

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Start /a/

Tongue - lowered

Advancement - central

Lips - neutral

Words - cart, grass, dance, bath

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Strut /ʌ/

Tongue - lowered

Advancement - central

Lips - neutral

Words - cut, butter, rough, money

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Lot /ɒ/

Tongue - mid

Advancement - back

Lips - round

Words - cot, body, what

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Thought /ɔ/

Tongue - high

Advancement - back

Lips - round

Words - cord, caught, call, draw

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Goose /u/

Tongue - high

Advancement - central

Lips - round

Words - suit, boot, shoot, chute

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Foot /ʊ/

Tongue - mid

Advancement - central

Lips - round

Words - put, book

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Nurse /ʒ/

Tongue - front

Advancement - mid

Lips - round

Words - shirt, work, hurt, fern

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Comma /ə/

Tongue - mid

Advancement - central

Lips - neutral

Words - letter, kitten, ago, cotton