Chapter 3

Colonization

The process of establishing a new civilization in America often involving clashes between European, African, and Indian cultures.

Indentured Servitude

A system where individuals agreed to work for a set number of years in exchange for passage to America.

The Great Awakening

A revival of religious fervor in the early 18th century emphasizing personal faith and emotional worship.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement that celebrated reason, scientific inquiry, and individual freedom in the 18th century.

Triangular Trade

The trade system where New Englanders shipped rum to West Africa for slaves, who were then transported to the West Indies.

Puritanism

A religious reform movement that sought to purify the Church of England and emphasized a strict moral code in the 17th century.

Population Growth in Colonial America

The American population doubled approximately every twenty-five years during the colonial period, reaching over 2.5 million by 1775.

Salem Witch Trials

A series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts in 1692.

Women's Work

Domestic and agricultural labor performed by women in the colonies, often without rights to own property or vote.

Racial Prejudice

The belief that color distinguished between different groups, justifying the institution of slavery in the colonies.

African Slavery

The system of forced labor in the colonies, primarily in the South, where enslaved Africans were used for agricultural labor.

Johnson v. Board of Education

A Supreme Court case that ruled that 'separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.'

Fur Trade

Economic activity involving the exchange of fur, primarily between Europeans and Native Americans.

Natural Law

The Enlightenment principle that posited the existence of inherent rights and moral laws govern human behavior.

Half-Way Covenant

A religious compromise allowing the baptized children of church members to achieve partial membership in 1662.

Boston Tea Party

A political protest against British taxation in 1773, where colonists dumped tea into Boston Harbor.

Age of Reason

The period during the Enlightenment when intellectuals embraced science and rational thought over tradition.

Deism

A belief that reason and observation of the natural world are sufficient to determine the existence of God.

Separate Church and State

The principle advocating for the religious life to be independent from government control, gaining prominence during the Enlightenment.

Religious Dissenters

Individuals who disagreed with the established church, seeking religious freedom and acceptance in the colonies.