disorders and diseases of the skin

chapter 4

branch of medical science that studies and treats the skin and its disorders and diseases

dermatology

physician who treats disorders and diseases

dermatologist

structural changes in the tissue caused by damage or injury

lesions

what are the three types of lesions?

primary, secondary, and tertiary (vascular) lesions

lesions in the initial stage of development or change

primary lesions

lesions that are characterized by piles of material on the skin surface, such as a crust or a scab

secondary lesions

pink or flesh colored precancerous lesion that feels sharp or rough and is a result of sun damage

• should be checked by a dermatologist

actinic keratosis

small brownish spot on the skin ranging in color from pale tan to brown or bluish black

• this is not a type of skin cancer

normal mole

how many types of skin cancer is there?

three types

most common and least severe type of skin cancer, often appears as light, pearly nodules; characteristics include sores, reddish patches or a smooth growth with an elevated border

basal cell carcinoma

more serious than basal cell carcinoma; characterized by scaly, red or pink papules or nodules; also appear as open sores or crusty areas; can grow and spread in the body

squamous cell carcinoma

most serious form of skin cancer as it can spread quickly (metastasize); black or dark patches on the skin usually uneven in texture, jagged, or raised; melanomas may have surface crust or bleed

malignant melanoma

what are the ABCDEs of melanoma detection

a: asymmetry

b: border

c: color

d: diameter

e: evolving

an inflammatory skin disorder of the sebaceous glands, it is characterized by excess sebum production

acne

term for the entire follicle that includes the hair shaft, sebaceous gland, and sebaceous duct or canal to the surface

pilosebaceous unit

similar to open comedones, these are mainly solidified impactions of oil without the cell matter

sebaceous filaments

a non inflamed build up of cells, sebum, and other debris inside follicles

• open comedo (blackhead)

• closed comedo (whitehead)

comedo

epidermal cyst that appear as firm white papules

milia

hereditary factor in which dead skin cells build up because they do not shed from the follicles as they do on normal skin

retention hyperkeratosis

involves benign lesions frequently seen in oiler areas of the face

sebaceous hyperplasia

severe oiliness in the skin; an abnormal secretion from the sebaceous glands

seborrhea

how many grades of acne are there?

there are 4 grades

minor breakouts, mostly open comedones, some closed comedones, and a few pustules

grade I

many closed comedones, more open comedones, and occasional papules and pustules

grade II

red and inflamed; many comedones, papules, and pustules

grade III

cystic acne; cyst with comedones, papules, pustules, and inflammation; scar formation from tissue damage is common

grade IV

how many acne triggers are there?

6 acne triggers

what are the six acne triggers?

genetics, hormones, environment , lifestyle, cosmetic and skin care products, and diet stress.

what are the common medications used in the treatment of acne

adapalene, azelaic acid, birth control pills, clindamycin, isotretinoin, spironolactone, tazarotene, and tretinoin

hormonal condition that affects one in 20 women in their child bearing years, according to the U.S Department of Health and Human Services. It is believed to have a genetic component

polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)

an inflammatory and vascular disorder with multiple causes that are not completely understood. starts with flushing and increasing bouts of redness

rosacea

visible capillaries, 0.5 to 1.0 mm i diameter, that are commonly found in the face, particularly around the nose, cheeks, and chin

telangiectasia

are visible vascularity that are abnormally dilated and twisted veins that can occur anywhere in the body. often on the legs

varicose veins

type of hormonal hyperpigmentation disorder that first appears during pregnancy or with the use of birth control pills

Melasma

flat pigmented are similar to a freckle; small, yellow-brownish spots

lentigo

also known as freckles, are tiny round or oval pigmented areas exposed to the sun. also referred to as macules

ephelids

also known as a birthmark, is a malformation of the skin from abnormal pigmentation or dilated capillaries that is present at birth or appears shortly after birth

nevus

skin conditions caused by actinic bronzing ( chronic sun exposure) to the sides of the face and neck

poikiloderma of civatte

is darkened pigmentation due to an injury to the skin or the residual healing after an acne lesion has resolved

postinflammatory hyperpigmentation

results from exposure to the sun

tan

loss of pigmentation leading to light, abnormal patches of depigmented skin

leukoderma

is a rare genetic condition characterized by a lack of melanin pigment in the body, including the skin, hair, and eyes. person is at risk for skin cancer, is sensitive to light, and ages early without normal melanin protection

albinism

is a pigmentation disease that is characterized by white irregular patches of the skin that are totally lacking pigment

vitiligo

is a fungal condition that inhibits melanin production. it is not contagious because it is caused by yeast

tinea versicolor

is a generalized term to an inflammatory condition of the skin; various forms include lesions such as eczema, vesicles, or papules

dermatitis

occupational disorders form ingredients in cosmetics and chemical solutions can cause

contact dermatitis

caused by exposure to and direct skin contact with an allergen

allergic contact dermatitis

is a chronic relapsing form of dermatitis. irritants and allergens trigger reactions that include dry cracked skin

atopic dermatitis

is an inflammatory, painful, itching disease of the skin

eczema

everyone who comes in contact with an irritant is affected by irritant reactions

irritant contact dermatitis

is an acne-like condition around the mouth consisting mainly of small clusters of papules

perioral dermatitis

is a form of eczema characterized by inflammation, dry or oily scaling or crusting and/or itchiness

seborrheic dermatitis

is caused by poor circulation in the lower legs that can create a chronic inflammatory state

stasis dermatitis

is defined as an abnormal growth; many or benign or harmless; however some growths are premalignant or malignant and can be dangerous or cancerous

hypertrophy

thickening of the skin caused by a mass of keratinocytes

hyperkeratosis

an acquired thickened patch of epidermis. a callus caused by pressure or friction

keratoma

and abnormal buildup of skin cells

keratosis

redness and bumpiness on the cheeks, upper arm, or thighs; caused by a blocked follicle

keratosis pilaris

an itchy skin disease characterized by red patches covered with white-silver scales

psoriasis

small outgrowth or extension of the skin that looks like a flap

skin tag

also known a pinkeye

conjunctivitis

fever blisters or sores

herpes simplex 1

genital herpes; never work on clients with active herpes lesions

herpes simplex 2

also known as shingles-painful condition due to reactivation of the chickenpox virus

herpes zoster

a bacterial infection of the skin that often occurs in children; characterized by clusters of small blisters or crusty lesions filled with bacteria. it is extremely contagious

impetigo

fungal infection that produces symptoms of thick, brittle, discolored nails

onychomycosis

fungal infections. fungi feeds on proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids in the skin

tinea

also known as ringworm caused by fungus; is not a worm

tinea corporis

also known as a wart— a hypertrophy of the papillae and epidermis caused by a virus

verruca

is a form of obsessive compulsion disorder (OCD) in which the person picks at their skin to the point of injury, infection, or scarring

dermatillomania

is a psychological disorder in which the client has a preoccupation with their appearance

body dysmorphic disorder

also known as a boil; a subcutaneous abscess filled with pus; caused by bacteria in the glands or hair follicle

furuncle

group of boils

carbuncle

redness caused by inflammation

erythema

hair grows under the surface instead of growing up and out of the follicle

folliculitis

also known a razor bumps; resembles folliculitis without the pus or infection

pseudofolliculitis

the medical term for itching; persistent itching

pruritus

a sebaceous cyst or subcutaneous tumor filled with sebum; ranges in size from a pea to an orange; usually appears on the scalp, neck, and back, also called wen

steatoma

a deficiency in perspiration due to failure in the sudoriferous glands

anhidrosis

foul-smelling perspiration, usually in the armpits or on the feet

bromhidrosis

chronic excessive perspiration caused by heat, genetic, stress, or medications

hyperhidrosis

excessive perspiration due to an underlying medical condition

diaphoriesis

also known as prickly heat; acute inflammation disorder of sweat glands

miliaria rubra