BTE Final - Group 1

Supercomputers

the fastest computers available at any given time.

Due to the high cost they are generally used by large organizations to execute computationally demanding tasks involving very large datasets (military, scientific research, national weather service, etc.)

mainframe computers

computers at the high end of the performance and reliability scale.

Today’s mainframes perform at teraflop (trillions of floating-point operations per second) speeds and can handle millions of transactions per day

midrange computers (or minicomputers)

relatively small, inexpensive, and compact computers that perform the same functions as a mainframe computers, but to a more limited extent

microcomputers

also known as personal computers (PCs) are the smallest and least expensive category of general-purpose computers

desktop PC

the familiar microcomputer system that has become a standard tool for business and the home. A desktop generally includes a central processing unit and a separate but connected monitor and keyboard

thin-client systems

desktop computer systems that do not offer the full functionality of a PC. Compared to PCs, these are less complex, particularly because they do not have locally installed software. When they need to run an application, they access it from a server over a network instead of from a local disc drive

laptop and notebook

small and easily transportable lightweight microcomputers that fit comfortably into a briefcase. Lightweight, energy efficient portable generally optimized for internet-based services such as web browsing and e-mails

central processing unit

manipulates the data and control the task performance by the other components

the “brain” of the computer system

parts of CPU

anthemic logic unit - performs simple math and logic

control unit - controls all computer parts (reads from memory and tranderfers information around)

functions of CPU

performs mathematical operations

processes and transfers data

makes decisions

primary storage

temporarily stores data and programs instructions during processing

stores all or parts of active software programs

stores operating system software

stores data the program is using

examples of primary storage

registrars

cache memory

random access memory (RAM)

read-only-memory (ROM)

registers

part of CPU that have the least capacity of primary storage, storing and extremely limited amount of instructions and data before and after processing

cache memory

high-speed primary storage memory that enables the computer to temporarily store blocks of data that are used more often and that a processor can access more rapidly then main memory

RAM

art of primary storage that holds software programs and small amounts of data for processing

ROM

type of chip in primary storage where certain critical instructions are in safeguard, nonvolatile

secondary storage

stores data and programs for future

examples of secondary storage

magnetic tape

magnetic discs

solid state drives (SSD)

optical storage devices

flash memory

bit

smallest unit of data

byte

smallest addressable unit of data - containing 8 bits

input devices

accept data and instructions and convert them to a form that a computer can understand

output devices

accept data and instructions from computer and convert them to a form that a human can understand

system software and application software

types of software

system software

generalized programs that manage the computer’s resources and is designed to provide a platform for other software

application software

Consists of instructions that direct a computer system to perform specific information-processing activities and to provide functionality for users.

local area networks (LANs)

interconnects computers within a limited area such as a residence, school, university campus or office building

Allows sharing of costly resources such as printers by all computers

Central storage and backup can be provided in one place (the dedicated file server) so all work is saved together

Data and software can be shared, and upgrading is easier too

wide area networks (WANs)

Covers a large geographical area.

typically connect multiple LANs

Provided by common carriers such as telephone companies and the international networks of global communications services providers

Large capacity, and they typically combine multiple channels (e.g., fiber-optic cables, microwave, and satellite

IPv4

most widely used format (e.g., 135.62.128.91), maximum # of addresses is 232 = 4,294,967,296, but many are reserved and are not commercially available.

IPv6

- Can accommodate more devices (e.g. smart phones), e.g. http://[2001:db8:85a3:8d3:1319:8a2e:370:7348]/

wireless transmission media (WTM)

microwaves (line of sight)

satellites (line of sight)

infrared (line of sight)

radio

microwaves

Widely used for high-volume, long-distance, point-to-point communication

Transmission of digital and analog signals, such as long-distance telephone calls, television programs, and computer data

Examples: GPS, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Radar, Medial equipment, Military

satellite

high bandwidth that covers a large area

examples: GPS, hubble space telescope, weather monitoring

infrared

red light not commonly visible to human eye, used for short-distance connections

examples: TV remotes, DVDs, CD players

cloud computing

method for delivering business and IT services. It promises businesses and users to acquire the IT resources they need, just when they need it

the use of network resources, primarily internet resources, to provide on-demand data processing and storage

characteristics of cloud computing

The “no-need-to-know” in terms of the underlying details of infrastructure.

The “flexibility and elasticity” allows these systems to scale up and down.

The “pay as much as used and needed” type of utility computing and the “always on, anywhere and any place” type of network-based computing.

PaaS

you deploy your application into an application-hosting environment provided by the cloud service vendor.

The developer provides the application, and the PaaS vendor provides the ability to deploy and run it.

This frees developers from hardware infrastructure management, allowing them to focus strictly on development of software

SaaS

software that is centrally hosted and managed for the end custom

s based on a multitenant architecture—a single version of the application is used for all customers. It can be scaled out to multiple instances to ensure the best performance in all locations.

typically is licensed through a monthly or annual subscription

users always provided with most recent version

IaaS

cloud vendor runs and manages server farms running virtualization software, enabling you to create Virtual Machines (VM) that run on the vendor’s infrastructure

provider will allow you to set up virtual networks, load balancers, and storage and to use many other services that run on its infrastructure.

You don’t have control over the hardware or virtualization software, but you do have control over almost everything else. In fact, unlike PaaS, you are completely responsible for it.

enables the “lift and shift” model for migration to the Cloud. You can configure a VM similar to the infrastructure currently running your services in your datacenter and migrate your software to the new VM.

public cloud

cloud resources (i.e., hardware, software, services) are built, owned, operated and maintained by a third-party cloud service provider. These resources are delivered for public consumption over the internet and shared by multiple organizations

private cloud

cloud resources are built and consumed exclusively by the same organization and maintained on a private network. Private clouds can be physically located on-premises in an organization’s data center or hosted by a third-party service provider.

hybrid cloud

bridges the gap between private and public clouds: cloud resources are consumed and operated in a common way across both clouds, enabling portability of services across the various underlying cloud infrastructures

muti-cloud

any combination of on-premises, off-premises and public cloud platforms, where cloud resources are spread across several cloud-hosting environments.

data

individual facts, figures, signals, and measurements

information

organized, structured, categorized, useful, condensed, calculated

knowledge

idea, learning, notion, concept, synthesized, compared, thought-out, discussed

wisdom

understanding, integration, applied, reflected upon, actionable, accumulated, principles, patterns, decision-making process

data —> information —> knowledge —> wisdom

context — meaning — insight

types of managerial decsion-making

interpersonal roles

informational roles

decisional roles

nature of decision

operational control

management control

strategic planning

information gap

shortfall between gathering information and using it for decision making

Multidimensional Analysis OLAP

slicing and dicing data stored in a dimensional format, drilling down in greater detail and aggregating data

6 characteristics of data quality

accuracy

validity

reliability

timeliness

relevance

completeness

intelligence automation

optimizing operations through human -centered automation

engage customers and empower employees with digital assistants

transform products and engage with customer data

machine learning

artificial intelligence system that learns from data

algorithms built on mathematical models based on sample data known as “training data”

makes predictions and decisions without being explicitly programmed to do so

predictive modeling

cycle of reading and processing data to formulate a model that can predict next hires, equipment failures, assembly line quality issues, product supply numbers, and future insurance claims

no code / low code AI

automatically selects the right AI architecture for your project

collects data, trains model, plays model for feedback