Ap Bio 19-20 Test

Types of Speciation

Allopatric
Sympatric

Isolating mechanism types

pre zygotic and post zygotic

Pre zygotic (SB took my guns)

Spatial Isolation
Behavioral Isolation
Temporal Isolation
Mechanical Isolation

Gametic Isolation

(Sammy Burnst took my guns)

Post zygotic

Zygote forms but does not develop properly.

Hybrid offspring are sterile or have reduced fitness.

Levels of Organization

Species: individuals capable of interbreeding with each other but not with members of another species

Population: All members of one species inhabiting an area

Community: All different species interacting in one area

Ecosystem: All the living and nonliving components of a habitat 

Biome: one of world’s major ecosystems

Biosphere: Part of Earth occupied by living organisms

Factors of an ecosystem

Biotic and Abiotic

Biotic factors

Living organisms, population density, predation, symbiosis.

Abiotic factors

Water, soil, temperature, sunlight, minerals, gasses

Requirements of sustainable ecosystems

Constant source of energy

autotrophs

heterotrophs

decomposers

Ecological interactions categories

Symbiosis, Competition, and Predation

symbiosis

Mutualism (+/+): Both species benefit (e.g., bees pollinate flowers).

Commensalism (+/0): One benefits, the other is unaffected (e.g., barnacles on whales).

Parasitism (+/-): One benefits while harming the other (e.g., tapeworms in hosts).

Competition types

Interspecific Competition: Between different species

Intraspecific Competition: Within the same species

Competitive Exclusion Principle: No two species can occupy the same niche indefinitely.

Resource Partitioning: Species evolve to use different parts of the same resource.

Predation-Prey cycles

Population fluctuations between predators and prey.

Defensive adaptations

Camouflage

Mimicry

Mimicry types

Batesian mimicry: unharmful prey mimics harmful prey

(consists of warning colorations)

Mullerian mimicry: species that resemble each other all have successful defenses

10% rule (Energy Pyramid)

Only 10% of the energy consumed by a trophic level gets passed to the level above it. The rest of the energy is turned into heat and unavailable chemical energy

2 types of global biogeochemical cycles

gaseous (atmosphere cycles) and sedimentary (ground cycles)

Gaseous cycles

Carbon, Nitrogen, and Water cycle

Sedimentary cycles

Phosphorus cycle

Water cycle order:

Evaporation and transpiration: Water vapor arises from plants and water reservoirs.

Condensation: Water vapor cools in the atmosphere and forms clouds.

Precipitation: Water returns to Earth as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.

Runoff: Water flows over land into streams, rivers, and oceans.

Cycle possibility 2:

Infiltration: Some water soaks into the ground, replenishing underground reservoirs (aquifers).

Groundwater Flow: Water stored underground slowly moves through soil and rock layers before reaching larger water bodies.

Carbon cycle order:

Photosynthesis: Plants absorb CO₂ from the air and convert it into glucose using sunlight.

Consumption: Animals eat plants, transferring carbon through the food chain.

Cellular Respiration: Organisms break down glucose, releasing CO₂ back into the atmosphere.

Decomposition: Dead organisms and waste products decompose, returning carbon to the soil.

Fossilization: Over millions of years, dead plants and animals turn into fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas).

Combustion: Burning fossil fuels releases stored carbon as CO₂ into the atmosphere.

Ocean Absorption: Oceans absorb CO₂ from the atmosphere, where it is used by marine organisms or stored in deep-sea sediments.

Nitrogen cycle order

Nitrogen Fixation: Bacteria in the soil or root nodules of legumes convert atmospheric N₂ into ammonia (NH₃).

Ammonification: Decomposers break down dead matter, converting nitrogen compounds into ammonium (NH₄⁺).

Nitrification: Bacteria convert ammonium into nitrites (NO₂⁻), then into nitrates (NO₃⁻), which plants can absorb.

Assimilation: Plants take up nitrates and incorporate nitrogen into proteins and DNA.

Consumption: Animals eat plants, obtaining nitrogen for their own biological molecules.

Denitrification: Special bacteria convert nitrates back into nitrogen gas (N₂), returning it to the atmosphere.

Phosphorus cycle order

Weathering: Rocks containing phosphorus break down, releasing phosphate (PO₄³⁻) into the soil.

Absorption by Plants: Plants take in phosphate through their roots.

Consumption: Animals obtain phosphorus by eating plants or other animals.

Decomposition: Dead organisms decay, returning phosphorus to the soil.

Sedimentation: Some phosphorus washes into bodies of water and settles into sediments, eventually forming new rocks.

Geological Uplift: Over millions of years, geological forces push sedimentary rock back to the surface, restarting the cycle.

Human activities in carbon cycle

More carbon dioxide is being deposited in atmosphere than is being removed which contributes to global warming

Human activities in nitrogen cycle

N is added to fertilizers

Runoff that contains N also contributes to eutrophication:

Fertilizer use also results in release of nitrous oxide (N2O) a greenhouse gas

Factors that influence biotic potential

Average number of offspring and reproduction

Chances of survival until age of reproduction

Age at first reproduction

How often each individual reproduces

J shaped curve

Curve of population growth that is unrealistic (only lag and exponential growth phase)

S shaped curve

Curve of population growth that is more realistic (contains deceleration and equilibrium phase as well)

Carrying capacity limits

Availability of light

Water

O2 

minerals/ food

Recycling by decomposers (bacteria/ fungi) to replenish nutrients

MDC

Population growth is low and standard of living is high

LDC

Population growth is expanding rapidly and standard of living is low

Ways to decrease expected growth rate of LDC

Establish and strengthen family planning programs

Use social progress to reduce desire for large families

Delay onset of child birthing

Populations regulated by factors of…

Life history patterns, Abiotic and biotic factors, predation, and competition

Abiotic v. biotic regulating factors

Biotic refers to density and living organisms reactions, abiotic refers to nonliving events.

What do organisms compete over

Food (biotic)

Mates (biotic)

Space (abiotic)

Water (abiotic)

Shelter (abiotic or biotic)

types of ecological successions

primary and secondary

Primary ecological succession

Occurs in barren areas (e.g., volcanic rock) where lichens start soil formation.

Secondary ecological succession

Occurs after disturbances (e.g., fires), rebuilding a community faster.

Order of succession

Lichens since can grow on bare rock

Nonvascular plants (moss)

Simple vascular: weeds/ grass

Shrubs 

Conifers 

Deciduous hardwoods (oaks, maples, use flowers)

Ways allopatric speciation can occur

Human activity

Natural disasters

Water level changes

Plate movement

(Handy Nancy Waters Plants)