AP Euro - State Building ID Terms

Nobles of the Sword

old hereditary that still supported chivalry, militaristic ideals, and the protection of their regional autonomy; participated in war

Nobles of the Robe

French aristocrats/nobles who owned offices usually bought by the Bourgeoisie. These titles were sold in an effort to weaken the power of the old nobility and replace them with loyal, professional bureaucrats.

Louis XIII

succeeded Henry IV and became king at the age of 9; his reign was mostly controlled by Cardinal Richelieu who ruthlessly and successfully strengthened the power of the monarchy by continuing mercantilist policies and extending the power of the monarch into society.

Intendants

french robe nobles who implemented royal orders and strengthened royal power in the districts of France; helped extend royal power into local areas; oversaw finance, police, and justice of these areas.

Louis XIV

"the Sun King"; prime example of absolutism in France and became the embodiment of culture and the national identity; issued several economic policies and costly wars; built Versailles; ended religious toleration in France.

Cardinal Mazarin

he came into office after Richelieu and many despised him; an Italian chief minister during Louis XIV's minority; his poor attempts to increase royal and state revenue led to a multi-class rebellion; not well-liked by the French population due to his continued French involvement in the Thirty Years War and the new tax system.

Fronde

1648-1653: civil wars in France during Louis XIII's reign; caused by the nobles whose power had been weakened by the policies of Cardinal Richelieu rose in rebellion against the new taxes levied by the centralized government to pay for the costs of the Thirty Years' War; facilitated the emergence of an absolute monarchy.

Bishop Jacques Bossuet

French theologian who is the main popularizer of Divine Right Theory under Louis XIV; organizer of most absolutist policies of Louis XIV and beyond; believed that the King is only answerable to God because that is where the King derives his power from

L'etat c'est moi: "I am the state"

quote by Louis XIV that supported his own absolute rule and his powerful identity being the central identity of France.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

financial advisor for Louis XIV; used mercantilist policies, the improvement of infrastructure to better facilitate trade, and raised tariffs to gain money; helped to make France self-sufficient and other countries becoming major import dependent on France.

Marquis de Louvois

minister of the military during Louis XIV rule; the French Secretary of State for War for a significant part of the reign of Louis XIV; he increased and made the French army more professional and suspended hereditary service to prevent ineptitude; the army would fight four wars under Louis XIV; architect of Versailles.

War of the Spanish Succession

Louis XIV's fourth and most important war that took place after his grandson became King Philip V; European powers who were concerned with the power of the Bourbon family opposed Spain and France in a war this war that lasted 11 years; resulted in the Bourbon dynasty of Spain but the monarchies of France and Spain remained separated.

Treaty of Utrecht

ended the War of the Spanish Succession; recognized Philip V as King of Spain but prohibited unification of Spanish and French monarchies; England gained land in North America and remained a naval superpower; Habsburg Austria gained control of the Spanish Netherlands and former-Spanish areas of Italy.

Hohenzollerns

Prussian dynasty that began ruling Brandenburg in 1415 and eventually made it into a powerful dynasty; over time, this dynasty inherited Rhine valley lands in western Germany and the Duchy of Prussia, lands which they used to create Brandenburg-Prussia, which encompassed western, central, and eastern Germany.

Frederick William, the Great Elector

Austrian ruler who unified separate states and started a process of militarization in Prussia

Junkers

Prussia's landowning nobility that served as officers in the military and supported the monarchy.

Pragmatic Sanction

drafted by Charles VI in 1713; said that all Habsburg lands would pass to the eldest heir whether male or female to expand the Habsburg ruling pool; ensured that the hereditary possessions of the Habsburgs could be inherited by a daughter; overturned the original illegality of a female monarch

Charles X (Sweden)

Swedish king that took the place of his cousin Christina and diffused the tension between the peasantry and nobility created under Christina.

Ivan IV the Terrible

first czar of Russia; defeated the remnants of Mongol control and conquered new territories for Russia eastwards; persecuted those he thought were against him heavily; crushed the power of the aristocratic nobility.

Boyars

highest-ranking russian nobility who grew in power during the turmoil of the Time of Troubles after the first tsar.

Romanovs

Russian dynasty that ruled from 1613 to 1917; ascended the throne at the end of one of the most critical periods of Russian history, the Time of Troubles.

Duma

elected parliament of the czar; "gave the people a voice" but in reality could be easily done away with if they made laws that the czar didn't like.

Peter the Great

ruled Russia 1682-1725; wanted to westernize Russia; reorganized the army and created the first Russian navy; adopted many economic and political Western policies including mercantilism.

St. Petersburg ("Window to the West")

a new city constructed by Peter the Great along the Baltic that was also a symbol of Russia's westernization; rafted peasants to build it without pay; imported westerners, merchants, and artisans; levied large tax on the wealthy with peasants doing the building.

Battle of Poltava

gained access to warm ports; Battle at which Peter's Russian army defeated Charles XII's Swedish army to win the Great Northern War; made Russia the superior northern power over Sweden; inspired Peter the Great to build St. Petersburg.

James I (England)

united the throne of Scotland and England; believed in divine rights and did not like Parliament; alienated Parliament by his belief that he must only answer to God and this caused Parliament to refuse to give him any requested money; responsible for creating the King James Bible

Charles I (England)

Son of James I who could not get along with Parliament which led to the civil war; he was eventually executed after the war; refused to meet with Parliament and collected his own taxes in ways that didn't require Parliament's approval.

ship money

an impost levied in England to provide money for ships for national defense that eventually spread to raise funding

Petition of Right

Document passed by Parliament and signed by Charles I in 1628 that challenged the idea of divine right of kings and declared that even the monarch was subject to the laws of the land; prohibited taxation in England w/o Parliament's consent, arbitrary imprisonment, quartering of soldiers in private homes, and the use of martial law in peacetimes.

Triennial Act

Passed by Parliament that required it to meet at least once every three years, with or without the consent of the king.

Writ of Habeas Corpus

Recourse in law through which a person can report an unlawful detention or imprisonment to a court and request that the court order the custodian of the person to bring the prisoner to court, to determine whether the detention is lawful.

Long Parliament

Legislative body in England that lasted in some form for 20 years (1640-1660) and took steps to severely limit royal power.

New Model Army

led by Oliver Cromwell; an army that was created by Parliament during the English Civil War that was primarily composed of extreme Puritans known as Independents; believed that they were battling for the Lord

Pride's Purge

removed all non-puritans and Presbyterians from Parliament; forcibly removed everyone in the Long Parliament who did not support the New Model Army.

Rump Parliament

this group officially abolished the House of Lords and the monarchy, proclaiming England a republic or commonwealth

Act of Settlement

Act of Parliament that said that the English crown would be passed to the German Hanovers if none of Queen Anne's children survived.

Interregnum

the period between reigns in England; the period between the execution of Charles I on Jan 30, 1649, and the arrival of his son Charles II in London on May 29, 1660, which marked the start of the Restoration. During this period, England was under various forms of republican government.

Test Act of 1673

Specified that only Anglicans could hold military and civil offices

Whigs

British political party/faction that wanted to exclude James II and establish a Protestant king who tolerated dissenters. They also wanted constitutional monarchy and the rights of Parliament for electoral reform.

Tories

British political party that wanted traditional political and social institutions; believed that Parliament should not tamper with the lawful succession to the throne.

James II

the ruler of England following Charles II who was a devout and open Catholic, which caused problems with Parliament due to his Catholic-promoting agenda

English Bill of Rights

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689; it guaranteed certain rights to English citizens; by accepting this doctrine, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people

Robert Walpole

the first British prime minister, since he presided over the cabinet for George I and George II; wanted a peaceful foreign policy to avoid new land taxes; made the office of prime minister more powerful.