Exam 3

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163 Terms

1
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What does equity theory in motivation suggest?

Worker satisfaction is influenced by employees’ perceptions about how fairly they are treated compared with their coworkers.

2
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The expectancy theory of motivation holds that individual actions depend on the strength of their belief that the act will have a specific outcome and __________.

on whether the individual values that outcome.

3
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According to goal-setting theory, what is a primary source of motivation?

An individual’s intention to work toward a goal.

4
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What is the Hawthorne effect?

Employees perform better when they feel singled out for attention or feel that management cares about their welfare.

5
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_____________ factors are extrinsic elements of the work environment that do not serve as a source of employee satisfaction or motivation.

Hygiene

6
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What does job enlargement refer to?

The horizontal expansion of a job by increasing the number and variety of tasks that a person performs.

7
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What is job enrichment?

The vertical expansion of a job by increasing the employee’s autonomy, responsibility, and decision-making authority.

8
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Job rotation is defined as ___________.

The shifting of workers from one job to another.

9
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What is job sharing?

A scheduling option that allows two individuals to split the tasks, responsibilities, and work hours of one 40-hour-per-week job.

10
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Maslow’s hierarchy of needs consists of how many levels?

Five levels of needs.

11
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In Maslow’s hierarchy, the base level consists of __________ needs.

physiological needs.

12
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Motivating factors are considered to be ___________ job elements that lead to worker satisfaction.

intrinsic

13
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What is motivation?

Something that prompts a person to release his or her energy in a certain direction.

14
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The gap between what is and what is required is known as __________.

need.

15
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Punishment is defined as anything that __________.

decreases a specific behavior.

16
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What does reinforcement theory in motivation state?

People do things because they know that certain consequences will follow.

17
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Anything that increases a specific behavior is termed a __________.

reward.

18
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Scientific management, developed by Frederick W. Taylor, is based on how many principles?

Four principles.

19
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Theory X assumes that the average person __________.

dislikes work, will avoid it if possible, prefers to be directed, and avoids responsibility.

20
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Theory Y is based on a relatively _________ view of human nature.

optimistic

21
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Theory Z combines U.S. and Japanese business practices by emphasizing __________.

long-term employment and group decision-making.

22
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What does the term 'want' refer to?

The gap between what is and what is desired.

23
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The assembly process in production refers to __________.

Combining basic inputs to create the output.

24
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What is a bill of material?

A list of the items and the number of each required to make a given product.

25
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Blockchain technology refers to a __________.

decentralized public ledger of all transactions.

26
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What is business process management (BPM)?

A unified system to integrate and optimize a company’s functions.

27
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CAD/CAM systems combine the advantages of computer-aided design and __________.

computer-aided manufacturing.

28
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Cellular manufacturing uses __________ production units.

small, self-contained.

29
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Computer-aided design (CAD) utilizes __________ to design and test products.

computers.

30
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Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) uses computers to __________.

develop and control the production process.

31
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What is computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM)?

The combination of computerized manufacturing processes with other computerized systems.

32
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Continuous improvement is a commitment to __________.

constantly seek better methods to achieve greater efficiency and quality.

33
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A continuous process in production uses long production runs lasting for __________ without shutdowns.

days, weeks, or months.

34
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What does the critical path in project management refer to?

The longest path through linked activities that determines project duration.

35
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The critical path method (CPM) is a tool used for __________.

scheduling activities and determining the critical path.

36
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Customization refers to producing goods or services __________ according to customer needs.

one at a time.

37
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e-procurement is the process of __________ online.

purchasing supplies and materials.

38
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Electronic data interchange (EDI) is the __________ of information between trading partners.

electronic exchange.

39
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Enterprise resource planning (ERP) integrates information about __________.

suppliers and customers with internally generated data.

40
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What is a fixed-position layout in facilities management?

A facility arrangement where the product stays in one place and workers/tools move to it.

41
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A flexible manufacturing system (FMS) combines automated workstations with __________ to move materials.

computer-controlled transportation devices.

42
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What are Gantt charts used for?

They show the relationship between scheduled and actual production.

43
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An intermittent process is characterized by __________.

short production runs to make batches of different products.

44
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Inventory refers to the supply of __________.

goods held for production or sale.

45
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Inventory management involves __________ inventory levels and tracking.

determining how much.

46
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ISO 14000 promotes __________ in production processes.

clean production practices.

47
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ISO 9000 is a set of standards for __________ management.

quality.

48
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What is a job shop?

A firm that produces goods in response to customer orders.

49
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Just-in-time (JIT) is a system where materials arrive __________ for production.

exactly when needed.

50
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Lean manufacturing aims to __________ production by eliminating non-value adding steps.

streamline.

51
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The make-or-buy decision determines whether to __________ production materials or buy them.

make.

52
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The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award recognizes U.S. companies for __________ quality.

world-class.

53
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Manufacturing resource planning II (MRPII) integrates data from many __________.

departments.

54
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Mass customization involves producing goods in bulk and then __________.

tailoring them to individual needs.

55
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What is mass production?

The manufacture of many identical goods at once.

56
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Materials requirement planning (MRP) controls the flow of __________ and inventory.

resources.

57
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Operations management is the management of __________.

the production process.

58
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Outsourcing refers to purchasing items from __________.

an outside source.

59
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Perpetual inventory is a continuously updated list of __________.

inventory levels.

60
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A process layout groups workers performing __________ tasks together.

similar.

61
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Process manufacturing is a production process that __________ the basic input.

breaks down.

62
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A product layout arranges workstations in a __________ with products moving along the line.

line.

63
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Production refers to the creation of __________ by turning inputs into outputs.

products and services.

64
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Production planning is the aspect of operations management that considers the __________.

competitive environment and strategic goals.

65
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The production process is how goods or services are __________.

created.

66
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What is the program evaluation and review technique (PERT)?

A scheduling tool that uses three time estimates for each activity.

67
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Purchasing is the process of __________ production inputs.

buying.

68
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Quality refers to goods and services that meet __________ expectations.

customer.

69
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Quality control measures finished goods against __________ standards.

quality.

70
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Robotics involves designing and constructing __________ that can perform tasks independently.

computer-controlled machines.

71
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Routing sets out the __________ of machines and operations in production.

workflow.

72
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Scheduling controls the __________ required for each production step.

time.

73
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Six Sigma is a quality-control process that relies on __________ to improve quality.

statistical measurement.

74
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Supply chain management focuses on developing tight bonds with __________.

suppliers.

75
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Total Quality Management (TQM) applies quality principles to __________ of a company's operations.

all aspects.

76
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Value-stream mapping visually represents the flow of __________ and information.

materials.

77
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Benefit segmentation differentiates markets based on what a product will do rather than on __________.

customer characteristics.

78
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Big data refers to large data sets and solutions developed to manage __________.

large accumulations of data.

79
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Brainstorming is a method of generating ideas where group members suggest possibilities without __________.

criticizing.

80
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Bundling in marketing is the strategy of grouping related products together and pricing them as __________.

a single product.

81
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Buyer behavior encompasses the actions people take in __________ products and services.

buying and using.

82
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Capital products are large items purchased by businesses for use in __________.

making other products.

83
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Competitive advantage consists of unique features perceived as __________ by the target market.

superior.

84
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Convenience products are __________ items purchased with little shopping effort.

inexpensive.

85
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A cost competitive advantage allows a firm to produce at a lower __________ than competitors.

cost.

86
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Culture shapes human behavior through a set of values, ideas, and __________.

attitudes.

87
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Customer satisfaction is the feeling that a product has __________ expectations.

met or exceeded.

88
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Customer value is the ratio of benefits to the __________ necessary to obtain benefits.

sacrifice.

89
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Demographic segmentation uses categories like age and __________ to differentiate markets.

income.

90
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Differential competitive advantage means offering a product with unique features perceived as __________.

better than competitors' offerings.

91
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Distribution strategy creates the means for products to flow from __________ to consumers.

producers.

92
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Dynamic pricing allows prices to change based on __________.

demand.

93
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Environmental scanning involves continually collecting and evaluating information about the __________.

external environment.

94
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Exchange is when two parties give something of value to satisfy their __________.

needs.

95
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Expense items are typically smaller purchases with a life span of __________ than capital products.

less than one year.

96
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What is an experiment in marketing research?

A method where one or more variables are changed to observe effects on another variable.

97
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The five Ps in marketing include product, price, promotion, place, and __________.

people.

98
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Focus groups consist of participants discussing a topic led by a __________.

moderator.

99
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Geographic segmentation involves differentiating markets by __________.

region or climate.

100
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Leader pricing is pricing products below the normal markup to attract __________.

customers.