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What does equity theory in motivation suggest?
Worker satisfaction is influenced by employees’ perceptions about how fairly they are treated compared with their coworkers.
The expectancy theory of motivation holds that individual actions depend on the strength of their belief that the act will have a specific outcome and __________.
on whether the individual values that outcome.
According to goal-setting theory, what is a primary source of motivation?
An individual’s intention to work toward a goal.
What is the Hawthorne effect?
Employees perform better when they feel singled out for attention or feel that management cares about their welfare.
_____________ factors are extrinsic elements of the work environment that do not serve as a source of employee satisfaction or motivation.
Hygiene
What does job enlargement refer to?
The horizontal expansion of a job by increasing the number and variety of tasks that a person performs.
What is job enrichment?
The vertical expansion of a job by increasing the employee’s autonomy, responsibility, and decision-making authority.
Job rotation is defined as ___________.
The shifting of workers from one job to another.
What is job sharing?
A scheduling option that allows two individuals to split the tasks, responsibilities, and work hours of one 40-hour-per-week job.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs consists of how many levels?
Five levels of needs.
In Maslow’s hierarchy, the base level consists of __________ needs.
physiological needs.
Motivating factors are considered to be ___________ job elements that lead to worker satisfaction.
intrinsic
What is motivation?
Something that prompts a person to release his or her energy in a certain direction.
The gap between what is and what is required is known as __________.
need.
Punishment is defined as anything that __________.
decreases a specific behavior.
What does reinforcement theory in motivation state?
People do things because they know that certain consequences will follow.
Anything that increases a specific behavior is termed a __________.
reward.
Scientific management, developed by Frederick W. Taylor, is based on how many principles?
Four principles.
Theory X assumes that the average person __________.
dislikes work, will avoid it if possible, prefers to be directed, and avoids responsibility.
Theory Y is based on a relatively _________ view of human nature.
optimistic
Theory Z combines U.S. and Japanese business practices by emphasizing __________.
long-term employment and group decision-making.
What does the term 'want' refer to?
The gap between what is and what is desired.
The assembly process in production refers to __________.
Combining basic inputs to create the output.
What is a bill of material?
A list of the items and the number of each required to make a given product.
Blockchain technology refers to a __________.
decentralized public ledger of all transactions.
What is business process management (BPM)?
A unified system to integrate and optimize a company’s functions.
CAD/CAM systems combine the advantages of computer-aided design and __________.
computer-aided manufacturing.
Cellular manufacturing uses __________ production units.
small, self-contained.
Computer-aided design (CAD) utilizes __________ to design and test products.
computers.
Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) uses computers to __________.
develop and control the production process.
What is computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM)?
The combination of computerized manufacturing processes with other computerized systems.
Continuous improvement is a commitment to __________.
constantly seek better methods to achieve greater efficiency and quality.
A continuous process in production uses long production runs lasting for __________ without shutdowns.
days, weeks, or months.
What does the critical path in project management refer to?
The longest path through linked activities that determines project duration.
The critical path method (CPM) is a tool used for __________.
scheduling activities and determining the critical path.
Customization refers to producing goods or services __________ according to customer needs.
one at a time.
e-procurement is the process of __________ online.
purchasing supplies and materials.
Electronic data interchange (EDI) is the __________ of information between trading partners.
electronic exchange.
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) integrates information about __________.
suppliers and customers with internally generated data.
What is a fixed-position layout in facilities management?
A facility arrangement where the product stays in one place and workers/tools move to it.
A flexible manufacturing system (FMS) combines automated workstations with __________ to move materials.
computer-controlled transportation devices.
What are Gantt charts used for?
They show the relationship between scheduled and actual production.
An intermittent process is characterized by __________.
short production runs to make batches of different products.
Inventory refers to the supply of __________.
goods held for production or sale.
Inventory management involves __________ inventory levels and tracking.
determining how much.
ISO 14000 promotes __________ in production processes.
clean production practices.
ISO 9000 is a set of standards for __________ management.
quality.
What is a job shop?
A firm that produces goods in response to customer orders.
Just-in-time (JIT) is a system where materials arrive __________ for production.
exactly when needed.
Lean manufacturing aims to __________ production by eliminating non-value adding steps.
streamline.
The make-or-buy decision determines whether to __________ production materials or buy them.
make.
The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award recognizes U.S. companies for __________ quality.
world-class.
Manufacturing resource planning II (MRPII) integrates data from many __________.
departments.
Mass customization involves producing goods in bulk and then __________.
tailoring them to individual needs.
What is mass production?
The manufacture of many identical goods at once.
Materials requirement planning (MRP) controls the flow of __________ and inventory.
resources.
Operations management is the management of __________.
the production process.
Outsourcing refers to purchasing items from __________.
an outside source.
Perpetual inventory is a continuously updated list of __________.
inventory levels.
A process layout groups workers performing __________ tasks together.
similar.
Process manufacturing is a production process that __________ the basic input.
breaks down.
A product layout arranges workstations in a __________ with products moving along the line.
line.
Production refers to the creation of __________ by turning inputs into outputs.
products and services.
Production planning is the aspect of operations management that considers the __________.
competitive environment and strategic goals.
The production process is how goods or services are __________.
created.
What is the program evaluation and review technique (PERT)?
A scheduling tool that uses three time estimates for each activity.
Purchasing is the process of __________ production inputs.
buying.
Quality refers to goods and services that meet __________ expectations.
customer.
Quality control measures finished goods against __________ standards.
quality.
Robotics involves designing and constructing __________ that can perform tasks independently.
computer-controlled machines.
Routing sets out the __________ of machines and operations in production.
workflow.
Scheduling controls the __________ required for each production step.
time.
Six Sigma is a quality-control process that relies on __________ to improve quality.
statistical measurement.
Supply chain management focuses on developing tight bonds with __________.
suppliers.
Total Quality Management (TQM) applies quality principles to __________ of a company's operations.
all aspects.
Value-stream mapping visually represents the flow of __________ and information.
materials.
Benefit segmentation differentiates markets based on what a product will do rather than on __________.
customer characteristics.
Big data refers to large data sets and solutions developed to manage __________.
large accumulations of data.
Brainstorming is a method of generating ideas where group members suggest possibilities without __________.
criticizing.
Bundling in marketing is the strategy of grouping related products together and pricing them as __________.
a single product.
Buyer behavior encompasses the actions people take in __________ products and services.
buying and using.
Capital products are large items purchased by businesses for use in __________.
making other products.
Competitive advantage consists of unique features perceived as __________ by the target market.
superior.
Convenience products are __________ items purchased with little shopping effort.
inexpensive.
A cost competitive advantage allows a firm to produce at a lower __________ than competitors.
cost.
Culture shapes human behavior through a set of values, ideas, and __________.
attitudes.
Customer satisfaction is the feeling that a product has __________ expectations.
met or exceeded.
Customer value is the ratio of benefits to the __________ necessary to obtain benefits.
sacrifice.
Demographic segmentation uses categories like age and __________ to differentiate markets.
income.
Differential competitive advantage means offering a product with unique features perceived as __________.
better than competitors' offerings.
Distribution strategy creates the means for products to flow from __________ to consumers.
producers.
Dynamic pricing allows prices to change based on __________.
demand.
Environmental scanning involves continually collecting and evaluating information about the __________.
external environment.
Exchange is when two parties give something of value to satisfy their __________.
needs.
Expense items are typically smaller purchases with a life span of __________ than capital products.
less than one year.
What is an experiment in marketing research?
A method where one or more variables are changed to observe effects on another variable.
The five Ps in marketing include product, price, promotion, place, and __________.
people.
Focus groups consist of participants discussing a topic led by a __________.
moderator.
Geographic segmentation involves differentiating markets by __________.
region or climate.
Leader pricing is pricing products below the normal markup to attract __________.
customers.