Unit 4 Sociology test review

QUIZLET VERSION: @AT3_ https://quizlet.com/908441299/sociology-unit-4-test-review-flash-cards/ Chapter 5 vocabulary & status/role Different types of societies Chapter 6 questions and Types of social interaction Group interactions Solomon Asch Conformity Study GroupThink Small World

Social Structure

Pattern of social relationships within a group

Social interaction

Any of the processes by which people influence one another as they interrelate (connect to one another).

Status

A social position that a person holds

Role

Behaviors

OR

An expected behavior associated with a particular status

Role performance

Actual conduct or behavior exhibited by people as they carry out a role

Ascribed status

Status a person is BORN with

Achieved status

A status a person EARNS

Master status

A position that strongly influences most other aspects of a person's life

Status set

ALL the statuses a person holds/has

Role conflict

Situation that exists when expectations or performance of a role in one status (social position) clash with expectations or performance of a role (behavior) in another status.

Role strain

Situation that occurs when a person has trouble meeting the many roles (behaviors) connected with a single status (social position).

Society

Group of people living within defined territorial borders and sharing a COMMON CULTURE

Hunting and gathering society

Society that survives by hunting animals and gathering edible plants

Horticultural society

A society that survives primarily through using simple tools to grow plants

Pastoral society

Society in which food is obtained primarily by raising and taking care of animals

Agricultural society

A society that uses plows and draft animals to grow food

Industrial society

A society that depends on science and technology to produce basic goods and services

Mechanization

Shift from human and animal power to machine power

Postindustrial society

Society in which the economic emphasis is on providing services and information

What is the order of societies? (The chronological shift from early societies to contemporary.)

Preindustrial societies:

-Hunting & Gathering societies
-Horticultural societies
-Pastoral societies
-Agricultural societies

Industrial:
-Industrial revolution
-Post-industrial societies

When did hunting and gathering societies first appear?

10,000 to 2 million years ago

What kind of society are we in now?

Post-industrial society

Conformity

Change in belief or behavior in order to fit in with a group

Coercion

Compelling a party to act in involuntary manner by the use of threats

Social exchange

a voluntary action performed in the expectation of getting a reward in return

Conflict

Interaction aimed at defeating an opponent for the LARGER share of a reward

In-group

Exclusive group demanding extreme loyalty

Out-group

Group targeted by an in-group for opposition, antagonism (active hostility), or competition

Groupthink

Self-deceptive thinking that is based on conformity to group beliefs and created by group pressure to conform

Bystander effect

People nearby are more or less likely to help someone in trouble

What is the interchangeable term for bystander effect? (Hint: answer given in class)

Diffusion of responsibility

(People who need to make a decision in a group setting tend to wait for someone else to act instead.)

-Feeling less obligated or qualified to help in a group setting when more people are in a crowd.

Who conducted the conformity line study?

Solomon Asch

What was the study aiming to observe?

Examine the extent to which pressure from other people could affect one's perception.

What age cohort did he study?

College students (About 18+)

Define confederate

A person involved in an experiment who appears to be a participant but is actually working with the experimenter

What were Asch's findings?

37/50 subjects conformed to obviously incorrect answers at a minimum of once.

What two reasons did Asch say people conform?

1. Want to be liked by the group

2. Believe the group is better/more informed than they are.

Small world effect

Everyone is connected in some way

Six degrees of separation

Any person can be connected to any other individual through a chain of six degrees (Six connections through six people).