Beyond Europe

Shahadah

profession of faith in Islam, one of the five pillars

Salat

Pray towards Mecca five times a day in Islam, one of the five pillars

Zakat

Alms to the poor (charity) in Islam, one of the five pillars

Sawm

Fasting during Ramadan in Islam, one of the five pillars

Ramadan

(Islam) a fast (held from sunrise to sunset) that is carried out during the ninth month of the Islamic lunar calendar. Part of Sawm

Hajj

Pilgrimage to Mecca in Islam, one of the five pillars of faith

Muhammad

Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam.

Reasons for the popularity of Islam

Mansa Musa, universalizing religion, easier to understand, conversion of the Mongols, conversion of the Turks, Muhammad military genius

Ka'ba

("cube") a pre-islamic cubed building in mecca believed by muslims to have been built by Abraham. It is the center of the Muslim Pilgrimage. Also believed to be the point of creation in the universe

Mongol view of religion

Religious toleration, no forced conversion, believed religion tied to the land and often converted to the religion of the peoples they conquered

Manduhai

Granddaughter of Genghis Khan, united the Mongol tribes

Mongol view of women

Had shamanistic roles, in charge of home and economy

Mongol military tactics

psychological warfare, hostage-taking, biological warfare, intimidation, sieges

Yurt

a portable dwelling used by Mongols, could be taken down and put up quickly

Countries in the Mongol Empire

Korea, Iraq, Iran, China, Russia

Byzantium

The eastern portion of the Roman empire; lasted until 1453

Constantinople

Capital of the Byzantine Empire

Justinian Law Code Code

Emperor Justinian's law code, greatly simplified the law

The Great (Eastern) Shism

First major break in the Catholic Church, birth of Orthodoxy

1054

Great (Eastern) Schism

Orthodoxy

Means right teaching, believed priests should marry, Bible in the vernacular, does not recognize the authority of the pope, Emperor controls the church, supremacy of the Father in the Trinity

Legacy of Byzantium

Christianization of Russia, Hagia Sophia, Educational and Intellectual center, art and architecture

Hagia Sophia

The Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian

Reasons for the Fall of Byzantium

lack of Christian unity, Ottoman Turks, lack of military innovation, sacked by Venetians twice

1453

Fall of Constantinople to Ottoman Turks

Reasons for the fall of Constantinople

Failure of Western and Eastern Christians to unite, lack of military innovation

Mehmet II

Founder of the Ottoman Empire, saved Byzantine architecture, created largest land empire in Europe at the time

Suleiman the Magnificent

Greatest ruler of the Ottoman Empire, Golden Age of the Ottomans, devshirme, janissaries, simplified the law code, listened to advisors

Devshirme

Ottoman policy of taking boys from Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers

Janissaries

Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army; created subjects loyal to the emperor only

Consequences for the Fall of Constantinople for Europe

Forced western Europe to explore all-water trade routes to the west after China/India after Turks cut off overland trade routes, forced military innovation

Orban the Hungarian

Invented the Dardanelle Gun, or Ottoman Supergun

Dardanelles Gun (Ottoman Super Gun)

Canon invented by Orban the Hungarian, led to the defeat of the Byzantines. Could shoot a mile and a half

Kiev

Capital of the Ancient Rus, each city state had its own laws, boyars

Boyars

Military council that advised the princes of Kiev

Rus

Viking overlords, original rulers of Russia

Mongols in Russia

The Mongols conquered Russia but only collected tribute, separated Russia culturally from Europe

Moscow

Capital of Russia after Kiev, moved inland to escape Mongols

Mansu Musa

Greatest ruler of Mali, richest man in the history of the world, spread Islam throughout N Africa

Sinification

extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions, particularly Japan, Korea, Vietnam

Samurai

Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land.

Kowtow

a former Chinese custom of touching the ground with the forehead as a sign of respect or submission nine times

Korea

Influenced by China, languages very similar, did not have a merit-based bureaucracy, centralized government based on China, exported silk

Vietnam

Resisted Chinese influence, nuclear family, guerilla warfare, gave women the most rights of the Asian countries

Nuclear Family

Mother, father and children living as a unit

Polygyny

One male, several females.

Silk Road

Binds Europe, Middle East, N Africa, and Asia together through trade and religion, especially Islam and Buddhism

Syncretism

combining two or more cultural beliefs/practices to create something new

Buddhism, Silk Road

Changed dramatically as it went East--atheistic, ascetic religion with few festivals to one with many gods, festivals, and emphasis on peace and kindness

Salt

Most important good traded in this time

Oprichniki

Secret police force that was created by Ivan the Terrible

Ivan the Terrible, Yaraslov, Vladimir I

First rulers of Russia, ruled by fear, paranoia, and absolute power

Trung Sisters

Leaders of one of the frequent peasant rebellions in Vietnam against Chinese rule

Cultural diffusion

The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another; spread of culture

Accomplishments of Islamic Scholars

Algebra, number 0, medical encyclopedia, literature, architecture, first to develop inoculations

Patriarch

Highest church official in Orthodoxy, major centers in Kiev and Constantinople

Vernacular

the common language of the people

Guerilla warfare

Using home resources and knowledge of geography to fight a better trained/organized army

Japan

Highly militaristic culture, most similar to feudal Europe in this time period, xenophobic, especially towards Christian missionaries

Istanbul

capital of the Ottoman empire; formerly Constantinople

Autocrat

a ruler with unlimited power

Tsar/Czar/Csar

Russian term for monarch; form of the word caesar

Xenophobia

fear of foreigners