Child and Adolescent Learners and Learning Principles - Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering human development concepts, stages of life, stages of play, relationship models, and developmental principles.

Naturalist View of Development

The perspective held by advocates who believe that all human characteristics and behaviors are the result of evolution and inherited genetic traits.

Empiricist View of Development

The perspective that all or most behaviors and personal characteristics result directly from learning and environment.

Fertilization

The union of the sperm from the father and the ovum from the mother, which marks the beginning of prenatal development.

Germinal Stage (Period of the Ovum)

The first stage of prenatal development, spanning from 0 to 2 weeks after fertilization.

Embryonic Period (Period of the Embryo)

The second stage of prenatal development, lasting from 3 to 8 weeks.

Fetal Period (Period of the Fetus)

The final stage of prenatal development, extending from 9 weeks until birth.

Neonate Period

The stage of infancy extending from birth before the cutting of the umbilical cord.

Partunate Period

The stage of infancy from the cutting of the umbilical cord up to 2 weeks of age.

Fine Motor Skills

Motor abilities involving small movements of the wrist, fingers, feet, toes, lips, and tongue.

Gross Motor Skills

Motor development of large muscles enabling babies to hold up their heads, sit, crawl, walk, run, jump, and skip.

Tonic Neck Reflex

A newborn reflex also referred to as the fencing position.

Babyhood Period

The stage spanning from the end of 2 weeks to 2 years of age, characterized by rapid growth, decreasing dependency, and the beginning of socialization.

Early Childhood

The period from 2 to 8 years of age, often called the preschool years (ages 2 to 5 or 6), where play serves as a primary avenue for overall development.

Unoccupied Play

The initial stage of play occurring from birth to 3 months, characterized by random body movements.

Solitary Play

A stage of play from birth to 2 years where a child plays alone and independently.

Spectator / Onlooker Behavior

A stage of play around 2 years of age where a child observes others playing without joining in.

Parallel Play

A stage of play starting around 2+ years where children play side-by-side with similar toys without direct interaction.

Associate Play

A stage of play occurring between 3 and 4 years where children begin interacting and sharing toys while playing separately.

Cooperative Play

A stage of play starting at 4+ years where children interact organizedly towards a common goal or activity.

Late Childhood

The stage termed by parents as troublesome/quarrelsome age, by educators as elementary school age/critical period, and by psychologists as gang age/creative age/play age.

Puberty Period

Derived from the Latin word 'pubertas' meaning 'age of maturity, manhood', this overlapping stage marks sexual maturation and the achievement of fertility.

Adolescence

A stage referred to as the 'stress and storm period' or 'dreaded period' due to intense physical, emotional, and psychological changes.

Early Adulthood

The period between ages 20 and 40 where physical maturation is complete and physical capabilities reach their peak.

George Levinger's Relationship Model

A five-stage framework outlining the progression of relationships: Acquaintance, Buildup, Continuation, Deterioration, and Termination.

Knapp's Relationship Model

A ten-stage relational model divided into two main phases: Coming Together (Initiating, Experimenting, Intensifying, Integrating, Bonding) and Pulling Away (Differentiating, Circumscribing, Stagnating, Avoiding, Terminating).

Middle Adulthood

The life stage spanning ages 40 to 65, associated with potential mid-life crisis challenges and empty nest adjustments.

Senescence Period

The period covering age 65 and above, focusing on late adulthood adjustments, coping with loss, and end-of-life processing.

Kübler-Ross Stages of Grief

The five distinct stages individuals experience when dealing with death and dying: Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, and Acceptance.

Havighurst's Developmental Tasks

A lifespan sequence of age-specific expectations and milestones ranging from early childhood through later maturity.

Cephalocaudal Principle

A principle of physical development stating that control develops top-down: head first, followed by arms, and then legs.

Proximodistal Development

A developmental pattern where internal/central structures (like the spinal cord) develop before outer extremities, spreading outward from the central axis.