chapter 6 & 9 test

continuous reinforcement in operant conditioning

is the type of reinforcement in which organism

vicarious reinforcement

learning theory where an individual observes someone else being rewarded for a behavior and is motivated to imitate that behavior themselves.

vicarious punishment

is a learning concept where an individual observes someone else being punished for a behavior and is then discouraged from engaging in that same behavior themselves.

retention

refers to the ability to remember or keep information over time after it has been learned

operant conditioning

a form of associative learning

An elementary school teacher reward students who pay attention and participate in class with stickers that can be turned in for an an ice cream at the end of the week. What is the teacher using?

Positive reinforcement

Extinction in classical conditioning is

The weakening of the condition response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent

In Pavlos experiments on classical conditioning, the dog salivated each time the food was presented the dogs response. The food was and.

unconditioned response

An individual adjuster schemas to include new information

Accommodation

A parrot took away the video game of their older child and response to the frequent teasing of younger siblings. The teasing slow down after that which component of operate conditioning did the parent use.

Negative punishment

According to pie children’s thought and pre-operational stage as egocentric this statement refers to

The difficulty in perceiving things from another person‘s point of view

Parents are playing with their infant with a rattle when parent takes a rattle away and hides it behind their back. The infant looks behind the parent and takes a rattle back according to Legette theory of development. What is the infant exhibiting?

Object permanence

Which of the following is a form of learning based on the association between behaviors and result in consequences

Operant conditioning

A client reports that they’ve experienced abuse since childhood. They are currently in an abusive relationship and do not see a way out or hope of anything better.

Learned helplessness

An adult feel sick every time they travel by air

Classical conditioning

In context of budget stages of cognitive development, which of the following stages is true of children and pre-operational

They begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings

A worker at a handy craft store is paid 25 for every 21 wind chimes they make

The fixed ratio schedule

A research observes the eating behavior of five-year-old children in a school and then analyzes them when they are 12 and then analyzes them when they are 20

Longitudinal research design

A student is working on a problem for a science class and his systematically going over every possible outcome the student is in the

formal operational stage

What is true of human development?

It refers to the pattern of continuity and change and human capabilities that occurs throughout the course of life

A 12-year-old recently developed a theory on their own about the regular weather patterns in New York. They use statistical analyst and certain scientific principles to predict the course of the weather in New York the in context of budget theory of cognitive development the 12-year-old is most likely in the.

Formal operational stage of development

A dog salivates whatever it hears the refrigerator door open because it is a custom to receiving food each time anyone opens it the owner tries an experiment with the dog over the next few days. The owner does not give the dog any food when they open the refrigerator door, even though they know the dog expect it as a result the dog stop celebrating when the refrigerator door opened the dogs behavior best illustrates.

Extinction

Eric Erickson‘s theory is based on the assumption that

Socio emotional development is a lifelong process

The context of pots theory of cognitive development, which of the following is true of individuals who use the simulation process and developing their schemes

They use existing schemes in a new way

A baby is usually given a teether to suck on while they in their highchair today the baby was given a rattle to play with while on the highchair. The baby tries suck on the rattle what concept of pi theory does this exemplify?

Accommodation

A student received a lot of praise and class when they did their homework on time as a result they have never been reminded to do their homework. It is always submitted on time and the scenario of the behavioral illustrates.

Law of effect

Between the age of seven and 11 children gain the ability to classify things in different sets or subsets, and to consider their internal relations project causes this particular stage

The concrete operational stage

Which of the following occurs in classical conditioning when a response is given to a certain stimuli, but not others

Discrimination

High school student does not like to hear the annoying buzzing of their morning alarm. They decide to get up before the alarm goes off in order to avoid this. What is this process called?

Negative reinforcement

An individual brought up in a low income community was never encouraged to go to college due to the expense as a result they say no way to leave the area and get ahead in life. What is this an example of?

Learn helplessness

What is true about the fixed ratio schedule on operant conditioning?

A reinforces a behavior after a certain number of behaviors

A teacher is giving students clay to play with some students get the clay in the shape of 10 block what others get a ball of clay. Both shapes have the same amount of clay, but some students with the block begin to argue that students with the ball of clay have more, the teachers not able to successfully explain to the students that both shapes hold the same amount of clay. What stage are the students in?

Pre-operational

In the water, kingdom amusement park when two sea lines throw and catch balls on their nose they rewarded with fish and they successfully complete the act. The sea lions have been trained to perform this behavior through.

shaping

The first the use of operant conditioning principles to change the human behavior

Behavioral modification

What is true about observational learning?

It often takes less time than operant conditioning

Context of facets stages of cognitive development, blank our mental representations of changes that are reversible

Operations

Which of the following statements is true cross-sectional studies related to developmental psychology

Different characteristics of an individual are assessed simultaneously

Is the systematic relatively permanent change behavior that occurs to experience

Learning

According to Colberg, three of Mald development and individual in the blank level of moral development, recognizes alternative moral courses, explore their options and then develop an increasingly personal moral code

Postconventional

development

The pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout life, involving both growth and decline.

nature

A person’s biological inheritance, especially the person’s genes.

cross-sectional studies

You're not checking how their answers change over time, just what they say in that one moment.

renewal

The recovery of the conditioned response when the organism is placed in a novel context.

aversive conditioning

It works by repeatedly pairing a behavior or stimulus (something the person wants to change) with something very unpleasant, in order to create a negative association with it.

primary reinforcer

is something that naturally makes you feel good, like eating when you're hungry or drinking water when you're thirsty. You don’t have to learn to like it—it’s just part of being human.

secondary reinforcer

is something we learn to value, like money or grades, because it helps us get things that make us happy or fulfill our needs.

positive punishment

is when something bad happens after you do something, so you’re less likely to do it again.

negative punishment

when something you like is taken away after you do something wrong, so you’re less likely to repeat that behavior

attention

about staying focused when you're trying to learn by watching others. The better your attention, the more you can learn from what you observe.

retention

remembering what you’ve watched so you can use that information in the future. The better you remember it, the more likely you are to successfully imitate the behavior.

motor reproduction

about being able to do what you’ve learned by watching others. It's the process of turning what you remember into actual movement or actions

retention

about the outcomes you see after a behavior is performed. If the behavior leads to positive results (like rewards or praise), you’re more likely to do it yourself.

latent learning

when you learn something without realizing it, and you don’t show that you’ve learned it until there’s a reason to use that knowledge later.

4o mini

insight learning

when you suddenly figure out how to solve a problem or achieve something, often after thinking about it for a while, rather than through repeated trial and error.

preparedness

about how some animals, including humans, are naturally better at learning certain things because it helps them survive. It explains why we might easily learn to fear snakes or spiders but find it harder to fear more neutral things, like flowers.

assimilation

when you learn something new and fit it into what you already know, even if it means stretching your understanding a little. It helps you make sense of new experiences by connecting them to your previous knowledge.

accommodation

when you change what you know to include new information that doesn’t fit. It helps you expand your understanding of the world by making room for new ideas and experiences.

sensorimotor stage

when babies learn about the world by using their senses and moving around. They discover how things work, develop the idea that objects exist even when they can't see them, and start to intentionally act to get what they want.

preoperational stage

when kids start using words and symbols to represent things, but their thinking is still very focused on themselves. They might think toys have feelings, and they don’t yet understand that some things stay the same even if they look different.

concrete stage

kids become better at thinking logically about real things they can see and touch. They understand that some things stay the same even if they look different, can organize things in order, and can solve problems more systematically, but they still need concrete examples to understand ideas.

formal stage

when teens and adults can think about big ideas and abstract concepts. They can reason logically about things that aren’t right in front of them, come up with and test different ideas, and think deeply about moral issues. This stage allows for more advanced problem-solving and critical thinking.