Anatomy Part 2

Vocabulary flashcards covering bone development, bone types, arthrology, fracture classifications, anatomical terms, and radiographic projections.

Osteogenesis

The development and formation of bones.

Intermembranous Ossification

One of the two primary processes of bone growth.

Endochondral Ossification

One of the two primary processes of bone growth.

Primary Ossification

Bone formation that begins before birth, forms the entire bulk of short and irregular bones, and forms the central shaft of long bones.

Diaphysis

The main portion or central shaft of long bones during development.

Secondary Ossification

Bone formation occurring after birth when a separate bone begins to develop at the ends of long bones.

Epiphysis

The end portion of long bones.

Epiphyseal Plate

A growth plate of cartilage developing between the diaphysis and epiphysis that is a common site of fractures in pediatrics.

Epiphyseal Line

A moderately visible line seen on bone when full ossification occurs and the two growth areas join near the age of 21.

Bone Age Study

A radiographic examination typically performed on the non-dominant hand to evaluate bone development.

Long Bones

Bones found only in the limbs that consist of a shaft or body and 2 articular ends, providing support.

Short Bones

Bones consisting mainly of cancellous bone containing red marrow with a thin outer layer of compact bone.

Flat Bones

Bones consisting mainly of two tables of compact bone with cancellous bone and red marrow in between, providing protection and muscle attachment.

Irregular Bones

Bones peculiar in shape with compact bone on the exterior and cancellous bone inside, functioning for muscle attachment or joint formation.

Sesamoid Bones

Small, oval bones that develop inside and beside tendons to alter muscle pull direction and reduce friction.

Carpal Bones

The short bones located in the wrist.

Tarsal Bones

The short bones located in the ankle.

Phalanges

Long bones located in the fingers and toes.

Diploe

The layer of cancellous bone and red marrow situated between the two tables of compact bone in flat bones.

Patella

The largest sesamoid bone in the human body.

Arthrology

The study of joints or articulations between bones.

Synarthroses

Functional classification of joints defined as immovable joints.

Amphiarthroses

Functional classification of joints defined as slightly movable joints.

Diarthroses

Functional classification of joints defined as freely movable joints.

Fibrous Joints

Structural classification of immovable joints that do not have a joint cavity.

Cartilaginous Joints

Structural classification of virtually immovable joints that do not have a joint cavity.

Synovial Joints

Structural classification of freely movable joints that possess a wide range of motion.

Skull Suture

A structural fibrous joint categorized functionally as a synarthrosis.

Syndesmosis

A type of fibrous joint, an example being the inferior tibiofibular joint.

Gomphosis

A type of fibrous joint found at the roots of the teeth.

Symphysis Type Joint

A cartilaginous joint categorized functionally as an amphiarthrosis.

Synchondrosis

A type of cartilaginous joint, an example of which is the epiphyseal plate.

Pubic Symphysis

An example of a symphysis-type cartilaginous joint.

Articular Capsule

Structure that completely surrounds and enfolds all synovial joints to join separate bones together.

Fibrous Capsule

The outer layer of an articular capsule that connects the capsule to the periosteum of the two bones.

Synovial Membrane

The inner layer of an articular capsule that surrounds the joint cavity and produces synovial fluid.

Synovial Fluid

A thick, yellow fluid produced by the synovial membrane that lubricates the joint and reduces friction.

Articular Cartilage

Smooth and slippery cartilage covering the ends of long bones to ease motion.

Meniscus

An extra pad of cartilage located in some synovial joints that acts as a shock absorber.

Bursa

A fluid-filled sac outside the main joint cavity that helps reduce friction in synovial joints.

Gliding / Plane Joint

The simplest synovial joint that permits uniaxial sliding or gliding movement between articular surfaces.

Intercarpal Joints

An example of gliding/plane synovial joints located in the wrist.

Hinge / Ginglymus Joint

A uniaxial synovial joint allowing flexion and extension movements only.

Pivot / Trochoid Joint

A uniaxial synovial joint allowing rotation around a single axis, where a rounded projection articulates with a ringlike structure.

Atlas and Axis (C1 & C2)

An example of a pivot/trochoid joint permitting rotation.

Ellipsoid / Condyloid Joint

A biaxial synovial joint allowing movement in two directions at right angles, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.

Radiocarpal Joint

An example of an ellipsoid/condyloid joint located at the wrist.

Saddle / Sellar Joint

A biaxial synovial joint with concave-convex surfaces allowing flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.

1st Carpometacarpal (CMC) Joint

An example of a saddle/sellar joint located at the base of the thumb.

Ball and Socket / Spheroidal Joint

A multiaxial synovial joint offering the greatest range of motion, where a round head rests within a cup-shaped depression.

Fracture

A break in the continuity of a bone.

Fracture Hematoma

A blood clot occurring immediately after a bone fracture that is later reabsorbed and replaced by callus.

Callus

Specialized repair tissue that binds the broken ends of a fracture together during healing.

Closed Fracture

A fracture that does not break through the skin, also known as a simple fracture.

Open / Compound Fracture

A fracture in which the bone or bones break through the skin.

Non-displaced Fracture

A fracture in which the bone maintains its normal alignment.

Displaced Fracture

A serious fracture in which the broken bones are not in anatomic alignment.

Compression Fracture

A fracture type most common in the spine where bones shorten.

Greenstick Fracture

A fracture where the bone bends or partially breaks while remaining attached.

Transverse Fracture

A horizontal fracture line across a bone.

Spiral or Oblique Fracture

A fracture line that curves around the bone.

Comminuted Fracture

A fracture in which the bone is splintered or broken into many pieces.

Impacted Fracture

A fracture where one bone fragment is driven or smashed upon itself.

Anterior (Ventral)

Term referring to the forward or front part of the body or organ.

Posterior (Dorsal)

Term referring to the back part of the body or organ.

Caudad

Term meaning away from the head and toward the feet.

Cephalad

Term meaning toward the head.

Inferior

Term meaning below or nearer the feet.

Superior

Term meaning above or nearer the head.

Central

Term referring to the middle area or main part of an organ.

Peripheral

Term referring to near the surface, edge, or outside.

Contralateral

Term referring to the opposite side of the body.

Ipsilateral

Term referring to the same side of the body.

Lateral

Term meaning away from the median or midline.

Medial

Term meaning towards the median or midline.

Deep

Anatomical term referring to parts far from the body surface.

Superficial

Anatomical term referring to parts near the skin or surface.

Distal

Anatomical term referring to furthest from the point of attachment or center of the body.

Proximal

Anatomical term referring to nearer the point of attachment or center of the body.

External

Anatomical term referring to parts outside an organ or outside the body.

Internal

Anatomical term referring to parts within or inside an organ.

Parietal

Anatomical term referring to the wall or lining of a body cavity.

Visceral

Anatomical term referring to the covering or lining of an organ.

Dorsum

Term referring to the top of the foot or back of the hand.

Palmer

Term referring to the palm of the hand.

Plantar

Term referring to the sole of the foot.

Projection

The path of the central ray as it exits the x-ray tube and passes through the patient to the image receptor.

Anteroposterior (AP) Projection

A projection where the central ray enters the anterior surface of the body and exits the posterior surface.

Posteroanterior (PA) Projection

A projection where the central ray enters the posterior surface of the body and exits the anterior surface.

Axial Projection

A projection where there is a longitudinal angulation of the central ray of 10 degrees or more with the long axis of the body part.

Tangential Projection

A projection where the central ray profiles a body part just under a curved surface free of superimposition.

Lateral Projection

A projection where the central ray enters one side of the body, passes transversely along the coronal plane, and exits the opposite side.

Transthoracic Projection

A lateral projection directed through the thorax used specifically for the humerus and shoulder.

Oblique Projection

A projection where the central ray enters the body from a side angle following the oblique plane.

Axiolateral Projection

A complex projection where the central ray is angled and enters and exits through lateral surfaces of the body or part.

True AP or PA Projection

A projection where the central ray is perpendicular to the coronal plane and parallel to the sagittal plane in true anatomic position.

True Lateral Projection

A projection where the central ray is parallel to the coronal plane and perpendicular to the sagittal plane in true anatomic position.

In-Profile

An outlined or silhouette view of an anatomical structure with a distinctive shape that is not superimposed over other anatomy.

General Body Position

Refers to the overall manner in which the patient is placed in relation to surroundings, such as upright, supine, or prone.

Radiographic Position

The specific placement of a body part in relation to the radiographic table or image receptor, such as lateral or oblique.