Biology - Protein Production

Cell Theory

All Living Things are made of one cell

Cells are the basic structures of all living things

Cells come from pre-existing cells

The endomembrane system

group of organelles that make & transport biomolecules

Nucleus Structure

-Membrane Bound

--Nuclear Pores

-Contains DNA & Nucleolus

Nucleus Function

-Protects DNA and nucleolus

-DNA Contains genes which are instructions to make proteins

-mRNA goes inside and makes a copy using the process of Transcription

Transcription

The process in which special proteins go into the Nucleus and make a copy resulting in mRNA

Translation

The process of using mRNA to make a polypeptide chain

Ribosome Structure

-protein ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Large/Small Subunit

-Made of rRNA & Proteins

Ribosome Function

-Reads mRNA message & makes polypeptide chains

Nucleolus Structure

-Dense region of genetic material

-Inside Nucleus

Nucleolus Function

-Site of RNA synthesis

-helps make ribosomal subunits

RER Structure

-Highly folded, flattened, membranes

-Continuous with Nuclear Membranes

RER Function

helps fold polypeptide chains to make proteins

Folding

Process in which polypeptide chains are folded in order to make proteins

SER Structure

-Connected membrane tubes

-Has enzymes

-no ribosomes (smooth)

SER Function

Synthesizes lipids and detoxifies drugs

Detoxification

Process in which toxins and drugs are removed from your body

Vesicle Structure

-Phospholipid bilayer

-sphere with aqueous hydrophilic interior

-contains biomolecules

-Tails = nonpolar

Transport Vesicle Function

-Move biomolecules from organelle to organelle

Golgi Body Structure

-Flattened Membrane Sacs

-Contains Enzymes

Golgi Body Function

-Modify and Package proteins to be sent to Secretory Vesicle

Secretory Vesicle Function

-Transport Biomolecules to cell membrane

-Releases proteins for secretion via. exocytosis

Exocytosis

The fusion of secretory vesicles with the cell membrane

Lactose Monosaccharides

Glucose and Galactose

Lactase Persistent

Someone who can digest lactase

Lactose Tolerance

Someone who is able to digest lactose

Ancient Pot Fragments

supported the evolution of lactose persistence because milk fragments were found on the pot

how drinking milk provided favorable selections for lactase persistence

-Rich in Proteins/Fats

-Critical food source during times of famine

-Safer to drink than uncleared/unfiltered water