BIOL 101 Chapter 3: Organic Molecules

what is alcohol dehydrogenase

affects how well an individual tolerates drinking

structure of an organic macromolecule

the dimensional arrangement of atoms in the molecule

carbohydrates

sugars and polymers of sugars

what is the simplist carb

monnosaccharides

polysaccharides

carb macromolecules

composed of many sugar building blocks

What are the types of storage polysaccharides`

starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

starch

storage polysacharide of plants consist of glucose monomers

stored as granuales within chloroplasts

glycogen

stroage polysaccharide in animals

stores in luver and muscle cells

hydrolysis of glycogen in these cells release glucose when demand for sugar increases

cellulose

structural compenent of cell wall in green plants. most abundant

chitin

a structural polysaccharide. exoskeleton of arthropods

sturctural support of fungi

lipids

does not include true polymers

hydrocarbon regions

fats, phospholipids an steriods

energy stroage

adipose cells

long term food reserves cushions vital organs and insulates body

fats

glycerol and fatty acids

Glycerol

a three carbon alchohol with hydroxyl group attatched to each carbon

fatty acid

a carboxyl group attatched to a long carvon skeleton

why do fats and water not mix

water i polar fats is non polar. fats have no charge so water has no place to form bonds

saturated fats

solid at room temp. butter ex. all linked by single bonds. straight line, allows to pack tightly

maximum number of hydrogen bonds possible and no double bonds

unsaturated fats

a double c arbon bond in the middle causing a bend. usually liquid cause doesnt allow for tight bonding

trans fats

hydrogenation converts unsaturated fats into saturated ones by adding hydrogen. causig the bent unsaturated fat to strighten and allow for more tight packing which allows for solidity at room temp

phospholipid

two fatty acids and a phosphate group attatched to a glycerol. these orient themselves to form a boundary between the cell and its external enviornment.

protien functions

enzymatic activity, defensive proteins, storage proteins, transport protiens, hormonal proteins, eceptor proteins, contractile and motor proteins, structural proteins.

amino acids

organic molecules with amino and carboxyl groups they differ in their properties due to differing side chains called R groups

protien structure and functions

function depends on their three dimensioal architechture

how theyre folded and twisted into their shape

primary structure

the sequence of amino acids

order of letters

determined by DNA

Secondary structure

coils and folds from hyrdrogen bonds between constitutens of polypeptide backbone

helix, pleated, and random coil

tertiary structure

overall shape of a polypeptide

interaction between r groups

quatenary structure

two or more polypeptides chains from one macromolecule

like rope twisting into one coil

Hemogloin

a protein consisting of four polypeptides: 2 a and two b subunits

what causes sickel cell disease

a single amino acid substitution. protiens aggregate into a fiber and capacity to carry oxygen is reduced

nucleic acid

made of nucleotides DNA and RNA are nucleic acids

gene expression

DNA provides directiosn for its own replications. directs synthesis of messenger RNA and cotrols protein syntheis

basic components of nucleic acids

nucleic acid, nucleotide, and nucleoside components (ATCGU) plus a sugar (ribose or dribose)

adenosine triphosphate

a organic molecule adenosine attatched to a stering of three phosphate groups. stroes the potential to react with water. this reactions releases energy to be used by the cell