Modern History, Food Technology, and Society & Culture Lecture Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards generated from lecture notes covering Modern History (The Holocaust, Modern China, WWI), Food Technology, and Society & Culture.

Holocaust

The systematic and state-sponsored persecution and genocide of six million European Jews, led by the Nazi German regime under Adolf Hitler.

Kristallnacht

A Nazi-issued pogrom on November 9-10, 1938, also known as the Night of Broken Glass, in which synagogues, homes, and shops were looted and destroyed, resulting in hundreds of Jewish deaths and thousands sent to concentration camps.

Auschwitz-Birkenau

A major Nazi concentration and extermination camp constructed in 1941, known as one of the most brutal camps that overworked prisoners to death.

Wannsee Conference

A meeting of 15 senior German civil service and Nazi officials held on January 20, 1942, in Berlin to coordinate the bureaucratic and logistical implementation of the Final Solution.

The Final Solution

The Nazi regime's euphemistic term for the systematic, state-sponsored extermination of all European Jews.

Shoah

The mass murder of Jewish people under the German Nazi regime during the period 1941-1945; another term for the Holocaust.

Anti-Semitism

Hostility, prejudice, or discrimination directed against Jewish people.

Nuremberg Laws

A two-part bill passed in Nazi Germany in 1935 (the Reich Citizenship Law and Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honour) that stripped Jewish people of citizenship and prohibited marriage or intimate relationships between Jews and Germans.

Extermination Camps

Specialized, industrial-scale killing centers built by Nazi Germany during World War II, primarily operating in occupied Poland from 1941 to 1944.

Ghettos

Segregated, overcrowded, and underfunded urban areas where European Jews were forcibly confined under inhumane living conditions by the Nazi regime.

SA (Sturmabteilung)

The original paramilitary wing ('Brownshirts') of the Nazi Party, led by Ernst Röhm, which used violence and intimidation to secure power before being purged in 1934.

SS (Schutzstaffel)

The elite party paramilitary force and security instrument of the Nazi regime, commanded by Heinrich Himmler, which controlled police forces, managed concentration camps, and served as the primary architects of the Holocaust.

Gestapo

The official Secret State Police (Geheime Staatspolizei) of Nazi Germany, created by Hermann Göring in April 1933, operating above the law to suppress political opponents and organize Jewish deportations.

Nuremberg Trials

A series of 13 trials conducted in Nuremberg, Germany, between 1945 and 1949 to prosecute leaders of Nazi Germany for crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.

Selectivity

The process by which historians choose which sources and information to include or exclude when constructing a historical account.

Bias

Occurs when historians allow their personal feelings, prejudices, or subjective preferences to interfere with objective historical investigation.

Kuomintang (KMT)

The Chinese Nationalist Party, led by Chiang Kai-shek, which governed China prior to 1949 and fought against the Chinese Communist Party before retreating to Taiwan.

People's Republic of China (PRC)

The communist nation proclaimed on October 1, 1949, on mainland China with Mao Zedong as its leader following the defeat of the Nationalist government.

Great Leap Forward

Mao Zedong's second Five-Year Plan launched in 1958, aimed at rapidly transforming China from an agricultural country into an industrial communist nation.

People's Communes

Huge collective farms created during the Great Leap Forward where private land ownership was abolished and families lived and worked under government direction.

Four Pests Campaign

A public health campaign during the Great Leap Forward encouraging citizens to eliminate rats, flies, mosquitoes, and sparrows, which led to crop destruction from insect population explosions.

Cultural Revolution

A sociopolitical movement launched by Mao Zedong in 1966 to purge capitalist and traditional elements, enforce revolutionary ideology, and reassert his authority within the CCP.

Red Guards

Mass student paramilitary groups formed during the Cultural Revolution, praised by Mao, who attacked 'class enemies,' teachers, and traditional institutions.

Gang of Four

A political faction led by Mao's wife, Jiang Qing, that wielded significant power during the Cultural Revolution and contested Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping for political control.

Tiananmen Square Protests

Student-led demonstrations in Beijing in 1989 demanding political freedom, free speech, and government accountability, which ended in a violent military crackdown on June 3-4.

Special Economic Zones (SEZs)

Geographic areas established in China under Deng Xiaoping starting in 1978 with lower taxes and reduced regulations to attract foreign investment and encourage business growth.

Schlieffen Plan

Germany's strategic military plan at the outbreak of World War I designed to quickly defeat France by invading through neutral Belgium before turning to fight Russia.

Thomas Splint

A medical device introduced during World War I that stabilized leg fractures, reducing femur fracture mortality rates among British wounded from 80 percent down to much lower levels.

Total War

A state of warfare requiring the complete mobilization of a nation's resources, economic output, government controls, and civilian workforce.

Munitionettes

Women who worked in British munitions factories during World War I, producing approximately 80% of British munitions by July 1918.

Macronutrients

Nutrients required by the human body in large amounts to provide energy and maintain health, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and water.

Micronutrients

Nutrients that the human body requires only in small amounts to maintain health and function, such as vitamins and minerals.

Monosaccharides

The simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of a single sugar molecule, such as glucose and fructose.

Denaturation

The structural modification of protein molecules caused by factors such as heat application, addition of acids, or mechanical agitation.

Coagulation

The process of denatured protein molecules unravelling and reconnecting to form a solid mass, gel, or thickened liquid.

Gelatinisation

The process occurring when starch granules mixed with liquid are heated, causing them to swell, break open, absorb liquid, and thicken the mixture.

Dextrinisation

The breakdown of long starch chains in polysaccharides into shorter glucose chains (dextrins) when exposed to dry heat.

Caramelisation

The browning functional property of carbohydrates that occurs when monosaccharides and disaccharides are subjected to high heat.

Emulsification

The process of dispersing two normally immiscible liquids, such as oil and water, with the help of emulsifier molecules containing hydrophilic and lipophilic ends.

Relative Poverty

The condition in which individuals lack the minimum income required to maintain the average standard of living of the society in which they live.

Ethical Research

The conduction of social research in a manner that respects the rights, dignity, safety, and privacy of participants, adhering to principles such as informed consent and confidentiality.

Quantitative Methods

Research techniques that gather countable, measurable data resulting in numerical reports, tables, and statistics to address 'what' and 'how many'.

Qualitative Methods

Research techniques focused on acquiring an in-depth understanding of social issues, feelings, and beliefs through open-ended questioning and value-based observation to address 'why' and 'how'.

Micro Level

The societal realm focusing on individual behavior, personal face-to-face interactions, and small-scale social groups like family and friends.

Meso Level

The middle-level societal structures where individuals interact within larger groups and organizations, such as schools, workplaces, neighbourhoods, and local communities.

Macro Level

The large-scale perspective of society examining broad social institutions, governments, economies, laws, media, and global cultural patterns.

Kinship

The system of social relationships establishing bonds between individuals and groups based on blood, romantic ties, marriage, or legal connections.

Schema

A mental framework or structure identified by Jean Piaget that organizes experiences and guides an individual's response to new information.

Imaginary Audience

An adolescent egocentric belief identified by David Elkind that other people are constantly watching, evaluating, and judging one's appearance and behavior.

Personal Fable

An adolescent egocentric belief identified by David Elkind that one's feelings and experiences are completely unique and that one is indestructible or invulnerable to risk.

Generational Consciousness

A shared understanding, awareness, and worldview developed by members of the same generation as a result of experiencing identical historical, economic, and social events.