High Risk Pregnancy Review

These flashcards cover the key concepts related to high-risk pregnancy, including conditions, diagnosis, risks, and management strategies.

What conditions are considered high risk during pregnancy?

Obesity, Hypertension (HTN), Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Multi-fetal Pregnancies, HIV/AIDS, Adolescent age.

What BMI range is classified as underweight?

BMI less than 18.5.

What is the risk of preterm birth for obese women?

12.4% for extremely obese women.

What is the gestational diabetes risk for very obese women?

11.0% risk.

What is the risk of hypertensive disorders for underweight women?

5.8% risk.

What is the impact of bariatric surgery on pregnancy?

Timing is crucial, and there are differences between bypass and banding.

What does human placental lactogen do?

Promotes lipolysis, increases free fatty acids, and decreases glucose uptake.

How does gestational diabetes affect insulin resistance?

There is an increase in insulin resistance during the second half of pregnancy.

What is a major risk to the baby from uncontrolled diabetes?

High levels of amniotic fluid (polyhydramnios).

What birth defects are associated with poorly controlled diabetes?

Heart abnormalities, spinal cord defects, and increased rates of caudal dysplasia.

What can uncontrolled diabetes lead to in infants?

Large birth weight (macrosomia), hypoglycemia, and respiratory distress.

What maternal risk factors are associated with uncontrolled diabetes?

C-sections, shoulder dystocia, increased risk of preeclampsia.

When is diabetes generally screened during pregnancy?

At 24-28 weeks gestation.

What is the threshold for fasting glucose to diagnose GDM?

Fasting blood glucose greater than or equal to 92 mg/dL.

What glucose level indicates a need for GCT testing?

Values greater than 130-140 mg/dL.

What is the diagnosis for GDM based on a 3-hour OGTT?

Two abnormal values during glucose testing.

What is the dietary recommendation for glucose normalization in pregnancy?

High fiber foods, whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and lean meats.

What is the recommended carbohydrate intake per day during pregnancy for diabetes management?

Minimum 175 grams of carbohydrate per day.

What could happen if blood glucose remains too high during pregnancy?

Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.

What is the risk of stillbirth associated with poorly controlled diabetes?

It significantly increases.

What is considered macrosomia in a newborn?

Birth weight significantly higher than normal, often over 4000 grams.

What increases the risk of diabetes in future pregnancies?

History of gestational diabetes.

How does obesity affect diabetes risk in pregnancy?

Higher rates of gestational and pre-existing diabetes.

What lifestyle changes are recommended for managing glucose levels?

Diet and exercise.

What is the maximum normal blood glucose level for 1-hour testing?

180 mg/dL.

What is a common complication of shoulder dystocia?

Injury to the baby's shoulder.

What BMI category is considered extremely obese?

BMI of 40 or greater.

What nutrient deficiencies should be addressed post-bariatric surgery?

Micronutrient deficiencies and gastrointestinal symptoms.

What is the risk of congenital birth defects in babies of diabetic mothers?

Heart abnormalities and spinal cord defects.

What key hormone causes insulin resistance in pregnancy?

Human placental lactogen.

How is GDM diagnosed with a 50g glucose challenge?

If values exceed 130-140 mg/dL.

What is the impact of obesity on hypertension during pregnancy?

Increased likelihood of developing hypertensive disorders.

What is the effect of high blood glucose on amniotic fluid?

It can lead to polyhydramnios.

What happens to maternal insulin resistance in the second trimester?

It increases.

What dietary component is emphasized for managing diabetes in pregnancy?

High fiber foods.

How often should meals be consumed to manage blood glucose levels?

Regular meals and snacks are recommended.

What is the impact of uncontrolled diabetes on mother's future health?

Increased risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

What is the risk of preeclampsia associated with diabetes in pregnancy?

Increased risk for women with uncontrolled diabetes.

What does BMI stand for?

Body Mass Index.

What are the potential risks of adolescent pregnancies?

Higher likelihood of complications and high-risk factors.

What amount of carbohydrates does AMDR recommend daily?

At least 175 grams.

What test is used to diagnose GDM after an overnight fast?

100g 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test.

What is a significant risk associated with pre-existing diabetes and pregnancy?

Higher rates of congenital defects.

Which group of women has the highest risk of gestational diabetes?

Obese women.

What is the cutoff for diagnosing impaired fasting glucose?

Greater than or equal to 92 mg/dL.

What is the importance of regular screening for high risk pregnancies?

To identify potential complications early.

What factor can increase the risk of birth trauma?

Macrosomia.

What complications can arise from bariatric surgery during pregnancy?

Nutritional deficiencies and changes in GI function.

Why is it important to manage blood glucose during pregnancy?

To prevent complications for both mother and fetus.