BSC-216 EXAM 1 UA

What vessels typically carry blood away from the heart?

- capillaries

- veins

- venules

- arteries

Arteries

Place in order from superficial to deep the three tunics of a typical blood vessel.

A. tunica media, tunica intima, tunica externa

B. tunica externa, tunica intima, tunica media

C. tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa

D. tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima

tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima

Which of the following arteries has the smallest diameter?

A. metarteriole

B. elastic artery

C. muscular artery

D. arteriole

metarteriole

Which blood vessel tunic is innervated by nerves from the sympathetic nervous system?

A. tunica adventitia

B. tunica externa

C. tunica intima

D. tunica media

Tunica Media

What type of vessel is built to handle the highest pressure of any vessel in the cardiovascular system?

A. arteriole

B. muscular artery

C. elastic artery

D. metarteriole

elastic artery

Which of the following is TRUE of veins?

A. Veins have smaller lumens than arteries.

B. Veins have thinner walls than arteries.

C. Veins have more smooth muscle than arteries.

D. have more elastic fibers than arteries.

Veins have thinner walls than arteries.

Which vessels serve as the blood reservoirs of the body?

muscular arteries

metarterioles

veins

arterioles

veins

Arteries in the systemic circuit carry oxygenated blood while arteries in the pulmonary circuit transport deoxygenated blood.

True

False

True

Veins regulate blood pressure and control blood flow to organs.

True

False

False

Compared to veins, arteries have __________.

thicker tunica media

more valves

larger lumen

lower pressure

Thicker tunica media

Which of the following describes an anastomosis?

A. vessels supplying the tunica media and tunica external of blood vessels

B. a special type of circuit in which veins feed a capillary bed

C. smallest arterioles which directly feed capillary beds

D. an artery empties directly into a vein without passing through a capillary bed

an artery empties directly into a vein without passing through a capillary bed

Which of the following will cause in increase in peripheral resistance?

Blood Vessel Length

Vessel Diameter

Blood Viscosity

Obstruction in Vessels

Obstruction in Vessels

Peripheral resistance includes all of the following EXCEPT:

blood vessel length.

vessel radius.

blood viscosity.

blood type.

Blood Type

Which vessels are the most compliant?

systemic veins

systemic arteries

systemic metarterioles

systemic arterioles

systemic veins

Which blood vessels experience the sharpest decrease in blood pressure?

systemic capillary beds

systemic venules

systemic arterioles

systemic veins

systemic arterioles

Which blood vessels handle the highest blood pressure?

systemic arteries

pulmonary veins

pulmonary arteries

systemic veins

systemic arteries

Which of the following vessels has the lowest blood pressure?

elastic arteries

capillary beds

inferior vena cava

aorta

inferior vena cava

Archie took several deep breaths of air. By breathing deeply, what mechanism did he assist to return blood to his heart?

skeletal muscle pump

respiratory pump

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

Korotkoff sounds

respiratory pump

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism used to return venous blood to the heart?

elastic fibers

skeletal muscle pump

venous valves

respiratory pump

elastic fibers

Vessels with a smaller radius will have an increased resistance to blood flow.

True

False

True

Which of these changes will result in increased blood pressure?

decreased blood viscosity

increased vessel radius

increased blood volume

decrease cardiac output

increased blood volume

Which of the following does NOT drive venous return?

low compliance

skeletal muscle pump

venous valves

smooth muscle in the walls of veins

low compliance

Which of the following vessels will have the lowest blood pressure?

artery

vein

venule

arteriole

Vein

The baroreceptor reflex response to high blood pressure is __________.

vasodilation and decreased cardiac output

vasodilation and increased cardiac output

vasoconstriction and decreased cardiac output

vasoconstriction and increased cardiac output

vasodilation and decreased cardiac output

If the chemoreceptors detect a decrease in blood oxygen concentration, they will trigger __________.

vasoconstriction and decreased cardiac output

vasodilation and increased cardiac output

vasodilation and decreased cardiac output

vasoconstriction and increased cardiac output

vasoconstriction and increased cardiac output

Which of the following is a cause of hypertension?

renal artery stenosis

decreased salt intake

dehydration

excess parasympathetic tone

renal artery stenosis

Which vessels vasoconstrict in response to epinephrine and norepinephrine?

venules

capillaries

coronary arterioles

systemic arterioles

systemic arterioles

Which of the following hormones decreases heart rate, and thus cardiac output and blood pressure?

acetylcholine

norepinephrine

angiotensin-II

epinephrine

acetylcholine

Increases in blood pressure are detected by:

baroreceptors.

chemorecepors.

nociceptors.

thermoreceptors.

baroreceptors.

Central chemoreceptors detect a decrease in pH in interstitial fluids in the brain. What is the response of the medulla to maintain delivery of oxygen to cells?

A. A feedback loop is initiated that indirectly increases sympathetic activity which results in vasoconstriction and a rise in blood pressure.

B. A feedback loop is initiated that indirectly increases parasympathetic activity which results in vasoconstriction and a rise in blood pressure.

C. A feedback loop is initiated that indirectly decreases sympathetic activity which results in vasodilation and a decrease in blood pressure.

D. A feedback loop is initiated that indirectly increases parasympathetic activity which results in vasodilation and a decrease in blood pressure.

A feedback loop is initiated that indirectly increases sympathetic activity which results in vasoconstriction and a rise in blood pressure.

What hormone is released to decrease blood pressure?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

angiotensin-II

aldosterone

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Which organ(s) regulate blood volume by altering the amount of fluid released in urine?

liver

pancreas

spleen

kidneys

kidneys

Hypertension is defined as:

excess aldosterone.

high blood pressure.

high blood sugar.

low blood pressure.

high blood pressure.

Baroreceptors that detect changes in blood pressure are located in the superior and inferior vena cava.

True

False

False

Continuous capillaries are labeled _____.

With Tight Junctions Between Cells.

Fenestrations.

Thin Walls, Smooth Muscle Cells.

Irregular Basil Lamina, Large Pores, Spaces Between Endothelial Cells.

Which Tight Junctions Between Cells.

By which method can large substances cross the endothelial cells and exit a capillary?

facilitated diffusion

transcytosis

diffusion

osmosis

transcytosis

What type of capillaries have large pores within their endothelial cells and are the leakiest?

closed capillaries

fenestrated capillaries

continuous capillaries

sinusoidal capillaries

sinusoidal capillaries

Fenestrations in capillaries are small pores that allow water and small substances to move freely through these pores.

True

False

True

Calculate the Net Filtration Pressure if the Hydrostatic pressure is 40 mm Hg and the Colloid osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg.

- 15 mm Hg

15 mm Hg

25 mm Hg

65 mm Hg

15 mm Hg

Colloid osmotic pressure (COP) is an osmotic pressure gradient equal to __________.

Hydrostatic pressure + Net filtration pressure

Capillary OP - interstitial OP

Interstitial OP + Capillary OP

Interstitial OP - Capillary OP

Capillary OP - interstitial OP

Water crosses capillary beds by:

transcytosis.

diffusion.

filtration.

facilitated diffusion.

filtration.

Blood pressure is equivalent to:

net filtration pressure

hydrostatic pressure.

oncotic pressure.

colloid osmotic pressure.

hydrostatic pressure.

At the arteriolar end of the capillary, which pressure is the greatest?

interstitial fluid osmotic pressure

oncotic pressure

colloid osmotic pressure

capillary hydrostatic pressure

capillary hydrostatic pressure

Which pressure remains the same along the length of the capillary?

interstitial fluid osmotic pressure

interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure

colloid osmotic pressure

capillary hydrostatic pressure

colloid osmotic pressure

Which pressure is created by the presence of large proteins in the blood, such as albumin?

hydrostatic pressure

interstitial fluid osmotic pressure

colloid osmotic pressure

interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure

Determine the process that will occur when net filtration pressure is negative.

absorption

diffusion

osmosis

filtration

absorption

Which of the following situations creates edema?

a decrease in the capillary hydrostatic pressure gradient

an increase in the colloid osmotic pressure

an increase in the capillary hydrostatic pressure gradient

a negative net filtration pressure (NFP)

an increase in the capillary hydrostatic pressure gradient

The majority of the arterial supply to the head and neck comes from the __________.

common carotid arteries

common iliac arteries

internal jugular veins

brachiocephalic artery

common carotid arteries

The heart is situated in the middle of the thoracic cavity in a region known as the:

mediastinum.

cardiac notch.

pleural cavity.

dorsal cavity.

mediastinum.

Both the left and right atria receive blood from:

arteries.

veins.

the lungs.

the ventricles.

veins.

The pulmonary circuit involves blood flow from the heart to and from the:

body.

liver.

brain.

lungs.

Lungs

The right side of the heart receives:

deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary circuit.

deoxygenated blood from the systemic circuit.

oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circuit.

oxygenated blood from the systemic circuit.

deoxygenated blood from the systemic circuit.

The left side of the heart is often called the systemic pump due to blood flow to the body.

True

False

True

The apex of the heart is __________.

posterior

superior

inferior

anterior

inferior

The heart is actually (one, two, or three) pumps?

one pump

two pumps

three pumps

Two Pumps

Which chamber receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae?

left ventricle

left atrium

right ventricle

right atrium

right atrium

Which heart chamber receives blood from the pulmonary veins?

left atrium

left ventricle

right atrium

right ventricle

left atrium

Which heart chamber pumps unoxygenated blood out the pulmonary trunk?

left ventricle

right atrium

right ventricle

left atrium

right ventricle

Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the systemic circuit?

right atrium

left ventricle

left atrium

right ventricle

left ventricle

Coronary circulation involves the delivery of oxygenated blood to the:

heart.

lungs.

liver.

brain.

Heart

The right and left coronary arteries receive blood from the:

cava.

aorta.

pulmonary trunk.

coronary sinus.

Aorta

What is the function of the valves in the heart?

invert during contraction of the ventricles

prevent backflow of blood through the heart

eliminate pressure variances within the heart

promote contraction of the ventricles

prevent backflow of blood through the heart

Which of the following vessels carries oxygenated blood?

pulmonary artery

pulmonary trunk

superior vena cava

pulmonary vein

pulmonary vein

What muscles, present in the ventricles, anchor by tendon-like chords called chordae tendineae?

pectinate muscles

trabeculae carneae

ligamentum arteriosum

papillary muscles

papillary muscles

What valve prevents the backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium?

pulmonary valve

left atrioventricular valve (mitral or bicuspid valve)

aortic valve

right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)

right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)

Which vessel is guarded by a semilunar valve at its base?

pulmonary trunk

superior vena cava

coronary sinus

pulmonary vein

pulmonary trunk

Blood in the right atrium should travel next past the:

pulmonary trunk to the pulmonary capillaries.

tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle.

pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary trunk.

mitral valve and into the left ventricle.

tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle.

Where should the left ventricle send blood?

left atrium

aorta

coronary sinus

pulmonary trunk

aorta

What vessel(s) deliver oxygenated blood to the left atrium?

pulmonary veins

aorta

pulmonary arteries

pulmonary trunk

pulmonary veins

What vessel delivers oxygenated blood to systemic capillaries for gas exchange?

aorta

pulmonary trunk

coronary artery

circumflex artery

Aorta

The left ventricle has greater muscle mass than the right ventricle since it pumps against greater resistance.

True

False

True

The cardiac chamber with the thickest wall is the __________.

right atrium

left ventricle

left atrium

right ventricle

left ventricle

Blood returning from the lungs enters the __________.

right ventricle

left atrium

left ventricle

right atrium

left atrium

Blood from the systemic circuit returns to the heart via the __________.

vena cavae

pulmonary arteries

cardiac veins

pulmonary veins

vena cavae

Blood that leaves the right ventricle enters the __________.

pulmonary veins

aorta

vena cavae

pulmonary trunk

pulmonary trunk

The highlighted portion of this ECG trace corresponds to __________.

the duration of atrial depolarization and AV node delay

atrial repolarization

ventricular repolarization

ventricular depolarization and plateau phase

the duration of atrial depolarization and AV node delay

What characteristic differentiates cardiac muscle cells from skeletal muscle cells?

sarcoplasmic reticulum

excitability

striations

intercalated discs

intercalated discs

The rapid influx of sodium ions into contractile cells creates a positive membrane potential inside the cell and initiates the:

plateau phase.

repolarization phase.

rapid depolarization phase.

initial repolarization phase.

rapid depolarization phase.

As a result of the long refractory period in the contractile cell refractory period, cardiac muscle can NOT exhibit:

tetany.

treppe.

oxygen debt.

fatigue.

tetany.

What normally serves as the pacemaker of the entire heart?

sinoatrial (SA) node

Purkinje fiber system

atrioventricular (AV) bundle

atrioventricular (AV) node

sinoatrial (SA) node

Determine the impact if the connection between the sinoatrial (SA) node and the atrioventricular (AV) node becomes blocked.

The atria will contract more forcefully.

The ventricular rhythm will not change.

The ventricles will beat more slowly.

The ventricles will beat faster.

The ventricles will beat more slowly.

Place the following parts of the cardiac conduction system in the order in which they transmit the action potential.

1) atrioventricular (AV) bundle

2) Purkinje fibers

3) sinoatrial (SA) node

4) right and left bundle branches

5) contractile cells of cardiac muscle tissue

6) atrioventricular (AV) node

3, 6, 1, 4, 2, 5

3, 1, 6, 4, 5, 2

3, 6, 4, 1, 2, 5

3, 1, 6, 4, 2, 5

3, 6, 1, 4, 2, 5

What is NOT part of the cardiac conduction system?

atrioventricular (AV) node

sinoatrial sinoatrial (SA) node

atrioventricular (AV) bundle

atrioventricular (AV) valve

atrioventricular (AV) valve

The right and left atria depolarize and contract following the arrival of the action potential from the:

atrioventricular (AV) bundle.

sinoatrial (SA) node.

atrioventricular (AV) node.

Purkinje fibers.

sinoatrial (SA) node.

The P wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG) represents the depolarization of cells in the:

atrioventricular (AV) node.

atria.

ventricles.

sinoatrial (SA) node.

atria.

Which wave on the electrocardiogram (ECG) represents ventricular depolarization?

T wave

QRS wave

R-R interval

P wave

QRS wave

Which part of the electrocardiogram (ECG) would most be affected by abnormally slow depolarization of the ventricles?

R-T interval

QRS wave

T wave

P wave

QRS wave

Which of the following can be used to measure heart rate?

Q-T interval

R-R interval

P-R interval

S-T segment

R-R interval

What activity is occurring in the heart during the Q-T interval on an electrocardiogram (ECG)?

A. The ventricular cells are undergoing action potentials.

B. The AV node delay occurs as the action potential spreads from the SA node to the atria to the ventricles.

C. The ventricular cells are repolarizing.

D. The atrial cells are undergoing action potentials.

The ventricular cells are undergoing action potentials.

The cells that rhythmically and spontaneously generate action potentials in the heart are called __________.

ventricular cells

atrial cells

pacemaker cells

contractile cells

pacemaker cells

The main pacemaker of the heart is the __________.

Purkinje fiber system

SA node

AV node

sympathetic nervous system

SA node

The T wave of an ECG corresponds to __________.

atrial depolarization

atrial repolarization

ventricular repolarization

ventricular depolarization

ventricular repolarization

The electrical impulse is __________ as it passes through the AV node, because the atria need to contract __________ ventricles.

delayed; after

accelerated; after

delayed; before

accelerated; before

delayed; before

The aortic valve closes when __________.

A. pressure in the left ventricle raises above aortic pressure

B. pressure in the left ventricle falls below aortic pressure

C. pressure in the left ventricle raises above atrial pressure

D. pressure in the left ventricle falls below atrial pressure

pressure in the left ventricle falls below aortic pressure

High pressured blood in the ventricles:

forces the AV valves open.

forces both the AV valves and semilunar valves open.

forces both the AV valves and semilunar valves shut.

forces the semilunar valves open.

forces the semilunar valves open.

During what phase does blood flow from the ventricles into the pulmonary trunk and aorta?

isovolumetric relaxation phase

ventricular filling

ventricular ejection phase

isovolumetric contraction phase

ventricular ejection phase

Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of blood?

to transport and exchange gases

blood clotting

to maintain body temperature

to protect vital organs

to protect vital organs

Which of the following is a plasma protein?

tissue factor

electrolytes

albumin

hemoglobin

albumin

How much blood does the average adult have?

1.5 L

7 L

5 L

3 L

5 L

When blood is centrifuged, what is found in the buffy coat?

platelets and leukocytes

leukocytes and erythrocytes

erythrocytes and platelets

plasma and leukocytes

platelets and leukocytes