HHS 454 Exam 1 -

secondary

using existing data

dependent variable

what outcome is being TESTED

cohort study

identifies people exposed to a particular factor and a comparison group that was not exposed to that factor and measures and compares the incidence of disease in the two groups.

Research

the PROCESS of systematically and carefully investigating a subject in order to discover new insights about the world

Causation

a relationship in which an exposure directly causes an outcome

negative correlation

when higher levels of exposure are associated with lower rates of disease

case-control study

compare exposure histories in people with disease (cases) and people without diseases (controls)

experimental study

compare outcomes in participants assigned to an intervention or control group

Research methods

STRATEGIES researchers use to solve puzzling mysteries about the world

5 steps of the research process

1. Identify question

2. Select Approach

3. Design study and collect data

4. Analyze data

5. Report findings

characteristics of research

curiosity

systematic

Replicable

cumulative/builds on one another

studies of group differences

-students who sleep 6 or more hours per night will score higher on math than students who get less than 6 hours of sleep

-kids that play video games are more aggressive than kids that don't

Negative correlation

a relationship between 2 variables in which one variable increases as the other decreases

(students who play more video games, have a lower GPA)

Positive correlation

when both variables move in tandem. when one variable decreases as the other decreases or one increases while the other increases

(students who sleep more than 6 hours score better on their math test)

positive correlation

when higher levels of exposure are associated with higher rates of disease (upward)

moderate correlation

when the points aren't linear but a line for trend can be drawn through them

2 types of study methods

Quantitative methods

Qualitative methods

types of quantitative methods

experiments

quasi-experiments

survey

quantitative research characteristics

-structured data

-statistical analysis

-objective conclusions

-surveys, experiments

qualitative research characteristics

-unstructured data

-summary

-subjective conclusions

-interviews, focus groups, observations

Types of Qualitative Methods

-interviews

-field research/ethnography

Primary

collecting new data

tertiary

writing a review article (literature review)

independent variable

what is being CHANGED

case series

describe a group of individuals with a disease

cross-sectional survey

describe exposure or disease status in a population

qualitative study

seek to understand how individuals and communities perceive and make sense of the world and their experiences

correlational (ecological) study

compare average levels of exposure and disease in several populations

review/meta-analysis

synthesize existing knowledge

conceptual definition of variables

tells you WHAT the concept means

Operational definition of variables

tells you HOW to measure it

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