Glands and Hormones

Thyroid gland

Produces thyroid hormone and calcitonin.

Thyroid hormone

Increases metabolic rate and supports growth and development | targets body tissue

Calcitonin

released from thyroid gland | lowers blood calcium. | targets bones

Parathyroid hormone PTH

Raises blood calcium. | targets skeleton, kidneys, and intestines

Adrenal cortex

Produces aldosterone and cortisol.

Aldosterone

Increases sodium and water retention and increases potassium excretion. | targets kidneys

Cortisol

Stress hormone that increases blood glucose and other energy nutrients. | targets tissues and blood vessels

Adrenal medulla

Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Fight-or-flight hormones that increase heart rate and blood glucose. | targets heart. blood vessels, and metabolism.

Pineal gland

Produces melatonin.

Melatonin

Regulates day-night and sleep cycles.

Pancreatic alpha cells

Produce glucagon.

Glucagon

Raises blood glucose. | targets liver

Pancreatic beta cells

Produce insulin.

Insulin

Lowers blood glucose, protein synthesis and fat storage | target fat and muscle cells

Ovaries

Produce estrogen and progesterone.

Testes

Produce testosterone.

Kidneys

Produce erythropoietin and renin.

Heart

Produces atrial natriuretic peptide ANP.

Thymus

Produces thymulin.