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What are the five parts of a mineral's definition?

Naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, predictable chemical composition, regular internal arrangement of atoms.

How are minerals classified?

Materials are classified as minerals based on the understanding of their five key parts of definition.

What process forms minerals from cooling magma or freezing liquid water?

Crystallization (Solidification).

What causes acid mine drainage?

Acid mine drainage occurs when mineral ores are exposed to air and water, leading to the oxidation of sulfide minerals like pyrite.

What reaction illustrates the significance of calcite in the carbon cycle?

Calcite + HCl → H2O + CO2 + Ca2+ + 2 Cl– ions.

What percentage of the Earth's crust is made up of oxygen?

46.6%.

What are renewable resources?

Resources that can be replenished naturally, such as solar energy, wind energy, hydropower, and biomass.

What are non-renewable resources?

Resources that do not replenish naturally at a sufficient rate, like fossil fuels and nuclear fuels.

What are the most common properties used for mineral identification?

Luster, Color, Streak, Hardness, Cleavage, Fracture, Specific Gravity, Magnetism, Effervescence, Taste.

What elements primarily make up rock forming minerals?

Silicon (Si) and Oxygen (O).

What factors contribute to the concentration of minerals as ores?

Geologic processes such as weathering or hydrothermal processes.

What are the local impacts of volcanic eruptions?

Lava flows and pyroclastic flows.

What are the global impacts of volcanic eruptions on climate?

Eruptions can cause temporary cooling effects due to sulfuric acid aerosols reflecting sunlight.

What distinguishes effusive eruptions from explosive eruptions?

Effusive eruptions involve low-viscosity lava allowing gases to escape easily, while explosive eruptions have high-viscosity lava that traps gases.

How does human habitation near volcanoes impact populations?

About 800 million people live near volcanoes due to advantages like nutrient-rich soils and access to freshwater.

What drives the processes of igneous and metamorphic rock formation?

Earth’s internal heat.

What primarily controls the weathering and formation of sedimentary rocks?

The water cycle (hydrologic cycle).

What type of rocks are formed through weathering and cementation?

Sedimentary rocks.

What process changes a rock into a metamorphic rock under high temperature and pressure?

Alterations without melting.