Medical Terminology/Anatomy Body System Overview

Comprehensive flashcards covering medical terminology, body systems, anatomy, combining forms, and common clinical terms from the lecture notes.

Integumentary System

Function: Protect the body, regulate temperature and water; Components: Skin and sweat glands.

Musculoskeletal System

Function: Support, shape, protect, hematopoietic functions, and store minerals.

Cardiovascular System

Function: Pump blood through circulatory system; Components: Heart, arteries, veins, and blood.

Respiratory System

Function: Bring oxygen into body for transportation to cells, move carbon dioxide and water waste from body.

Digestive System

Function: Digest foods, absorb digested food, and eliminate solid wastes.

Endocrine System

Function: Regulate glandular and hormonal functions and growth of the body.

Urinary System

Function: Filter blood to remove waste, maintain electrolyte balance, and regulate fluid balance within body.

Reproductive System

Function: Produce new life; Major components include testes, prostate, ovaries, and uterus.

Nervous/Sense Organs

Function: Coordination mechanism, receive stimuli, and transmit messages; Components: Nerves, brain, spinal cord, eye, and ear.

-ectomy

Suffix meaning excision.

-otomy

Suffix meaning incision.

-ostomy

Suffix meaning to create a new opening.

-plasty

Suffix meaning surgical repair.

-desis

Suffix meaning surgical fixation (e.g., Arthrodesis).

-centesis

Suffix meaning puncturing to remove fluid.

-osis

Suffix meaning condition of.

-orrhea

Suffix meaning flow or discharge.

-oorhaphy

Suffix meaning suture.

a-

Prefix meaning without, no, or not.

Dys-

Prefix meaning abnormal or difficult.

Hypo-

Prefix meaning low, beneath, or below normal.

Hyper-

Prefix meaning high, above, or above normal.

Oophorectomy

Excision of the ovaries (Oophoro + ectomy).

Epidermis

The outer layer of the skin.

Dermis

The inner layer of the skin.

Subcutaneous Layer

Connective tissue to which the dermis is attached.

Allo

Combining form meaning one’s own species.

Xeno

Combining form meaning foreign or another species (e.g., Xenograft).

Basal cell carcinoma

Abbreviated BCC; a malignant tumor of the skin.

Burn, $1st$ degree

Burn that involves only the epidermis.

Burn, $2nd$ degree

Burn that involves the dermis and epidermis.

Burn, $3rd$ degree

Burn that involves the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue.

Decubitus ulcer

Inflammation, sore, or ulcer in skin over a bony prominence caused by prolonged pressure.

Rule of Nines

Used to qualify percentage body surface area for burns, primarily in $9\times$ increments.

FTSG

Full thickness skin graft.

STSG

Split thickness skin graft.

Synovial joints

Joints that allow for body movement.

Diaphysis

The shaft or main portion of a long bone.

Distal Epiphysis

The end of a long bone furthest from the trunk.

Proximal Epiphysis

The end of a long bone closest to the trunk.

Colles Fracture

Fracture where the distal end of the radius is broken at the epiphysis (wrist).

Anastomosis

A surgical connection between two normally distinct structures.

Upper Respiratory Tract

Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, tonsils, larynx, trachea, and epiglottis.

Lower Respiratory Tract

Comprised of the bronchi and lungs.

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs where bronchioles terminate.

Pleura

The serous membrane that covers the walls of the thoracic cavity.

Mediastinum

The membranous partition between the lungs.

COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Aneurysm

Ballooning out or dilation of an artery due to weakness in the wall.

CABG

Coronary artery bypass graft; a section of vessel grafted to another location.

CAD

Coronary artery disease; accumulation and hardening of plaque in coronary arteries.

Myocardial Infarction

Cardiac tissue death.

PTCA

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty; balloon inserted to push plaque against vessel wall.

Small Intestine

Comprised of three parts: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

Large Intestine (Colon)

Comprised of the cecum, colon (ascending, transverse, descending), rectum, and anus.

Cholecystectomy

Excision of the gallbladder.

EGD

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy; visualizing the esophagus, stomach, and part of the small intestine.

Retroperitoneal area

The cavity outside of the peritoneum where the kidneys are located.

Testes

The primary male reproductive organ, located in the scrotum.

Vas Deferens

Ducts that are cut or fulgurated during a vasectomy to prevent sperm from reaching the ovum.

Vulva

The collective term for external female genitalia, including the labia, clitoris, and Bartholin glands.

Ectopic Pregnancy

Pregnancy formed outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes.

TAH BSO

Total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.

Meninges

Connective tissue membranes protecting the brain and spinal cord, consisting of the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Nervous tissue outside the skull/spinal column, consisting of $12$ pairs of cranial nerves and $31$ pairs of spinal nerves.

Cornea

Structure in the eye that does not contain capillaries and relies on eye fluids for nourishment.

Glaucoma

Increased intraocular pressure.

Otitis media

Inflammation of the middle ear.

Tympano

Combining form referring to the eardrum or tympanic membrane.

Atelectasis

A collapsed lung.

Polyuria

Excessive urination.

Micturition

The process of urination.

Blood Type $0$

Considered the universal donor.