Portage Learning Nutrition Module 6 Exam

What is a colostrum?

A thick yellowish substance that is secreted from the breast in the first few days following delivery. It is rich in protein and immune factors.

List three foods that should not be given to a child under one year of age. Give the reason not to provide the food to the child after each item listed.

Honey (may cause botulism)

Cow's milk (infant is unable to digest those proteins)

Excess juice (empty calories, causes cavities)

Small round foods (e.g. grapes, hot dogs - choking hazard)

Describe in your own words one psychosocial factor of aging

Depression is a psychosocial factor of aging. As people age, their friends and family begin to die, and a person is no longer able to do the things that they used to do, which leads to depression.

Describe in your own words one physiological factor of aging

Body composition changes like sarcopenia, lower metabolic rate, decreased mobility, increased weight, and decreased flexibility

What are common mineral deficiencies in the diets of school age children?

Lack of calcium, iron and zinc

There is a screening tool for the nutrition of the elderly called DETERMINE. What does each letter in the acronym DETERMINE mean?

Disease

Eating poorly

Tooth loss

Economic hardship

Reduced social contact

Medications

Involuntary weight loss

Needs assistance

Elderly (over 80)

According to the module, there are three factors that affect an individual's aging process. List two of the factors.

Options: environment, lifestyle and heredity

List one of the three nutrition concerns for preschoolers outlined in this module and what steps can be taken to remedy the situation

Dental cavities occur when sugar from beverages or food lie on the teeth or gums for an extended period of time. To prevent cavities from developing, never put a baby to bed with a bottle of milk, formula or juice. Wipe your infants gum and teeth after drinking or eating. For toddlers and preschoolers, avoid sticky, high sugar snacks and encourage brushing with a small amount of fluoridated toothpaste.

What are the two fatty acids essential for the brain and eye development of newborns?

Arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

The first stage of gestation, during which rapid cell division occurs is known as the _________ stage

Blastogenic

Developmental occurs from about week two through the eighth week and is called the __________ stage

Embryonic

The _________ stage occurs from week nine to the end of the pregnancy and is a period of growth

Fetal

All pregnancies are divided into ____(A)_______ equal time periods, known as ___(B)_______ , each lasting approximately 13-14 weeks. A baby born after the thirty seventh week of pregnancy is considered full term.

(A) Three

(B) Trimesters

Explain why older adults are at risk for dehydration

They lose their thirst sensation and frequently mistake hunger for thirst

Name three strategies used to manage the symptoms of morning sickness during pregnancy

1. Avoiding greasy foods, eating smaller meals

2. Having good ventilation when cooking

3. Avoiding large amounts of liquid at one time

Prior to delivery, hormones prepare the breast for milk production. ________ is a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland for milk production.

Prolactin

As the baby suckles oxytocin stimulates the __________ and the letdown reflex to secrete milk.

Lobules

All of the following are true of nutrient needs of older adults except:

(A) Fluid consumption is adequate

(B) Most consume excess sodium

(C) Vitamin D is often deficient

(D) Quality is more important than quantity

(A) Fluid consumption is adequate

List two nutritional concerns for school age children, some likely causes, and remedies.

Choose two: Lack of regular meal times, excess consumption of saturated fat, increasing incidents of overweight and obese children, and early onset of cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes.

lack of regular mealtimes - skipping breakfast to sleep in, try quick premade breakfasts

excess consumption of saturated fats - processed foods and snacks, fast food, replace full fat with low fat options, lean meats, and limit treats

What is the "compression of morbidity?"

Delay of disabilities caused by age-related disease

All of the following are common during pregnancy and pose minimal risk to mom or baby when managed with some dietary interventions except:

(A) Gestational Diabetes

(B) Heartburn

(C) Constipation

(D) Morning Sickness

(A) Gestational Diabetes

List and briefly describe in your own words the three stages of gestation.

1. blastogenic stage - the first 14 days after conception during which rapid cell division occurs.

2. embryonic stage - from 2 to 8 weeks after conception during which the major organ systems develop

3. fetal stage - from week 9 through the end of the pregnancy. This stage is characterized by growth.

Describe the difference between successful and usual aging

Each describes the effects of one's choices on physical and physiological changes. Usual aging reflects poor lifestyle choices while Successful aging describes changes that occur due to age but not poor lifestyle choices.

Discuss in your own words the recommended foods for newborns through one year of age. Be sure to include the methods by which new foods are introduced.

Human breast milk or formula should be the only foods given from birth until about 6 months old. Once a baby reaches this age, new foods such as cereals, fruits and vegetables should be introduced one at a time.

Challenges of feeding preschoolers include all of the following except:

(A) High taste sensitivity

(B) Frequent snacks

(C) Increased appetite

(D) Small stomachs

(C) Increased appetite

What stage of development in pregnancy does this occur: The organ system develops

Embryonic stage

What stage of development in pregnancy does this occur: An egg and sperm unite to form a zygote

Fertilization

What stage of development in pregnancy does this occur: A period of rapid cell division

Blastogenic stage

What stage of development in pregnancy does this occur: Most organs are formed and the fetus can move

End of first trimester

Briefly explain why an infant would be considered preterm

An infant born prior to 37 weeks of gestation is considered preterm. The length of a normal pregnancy is approximately 40 weeks.

Which of the following is/are true regarding calorie needs during pregnancy? Choose all that apply.

(A) Nutrient needs increase by 100%

(B) During pregnancy a women is eating for two

(C) Calorie needs increase by 20% in the second and third trimester

(D) Vitamins and minerals supply additional calories

(C) Calorie needs increase by 20% in the second and third trimester

Loraine is a pregnant female who was overweight prior to her pregnancy. At her clinic visit, she wanted to know what an appropriate amount of weight gain during pregnancy would be. Choose the correct response.

(A) 15 to 25 pounds

(B) 25 to 35 pounds

(C) 28 to 40 pounds

(D) 11 to 20 pounds

(A) 15 to 25 pounds

Why are ketones produced to meet energy needs in pregnancy?

Fat is being used for energy. There is inadequate carbohydrate intake.

Number the following developmental stages of pregnancy in order from conception to birth:

End of first trimester

Embryonic stage

Blastogenic stage

Fertilization

End of fetal stage

Fertilization

Blastogenic stage

Embryonic stage

End of first trimester

End of fetal stage

Emily is in her first trimester of pregnancy and is concerned about a special health concern that her cousin experienced, Gestational Diabetes. Explain how insulin can be affected by pregnancy and its effect on blood glucose.

Hormones interfere with insulin production so it is insufficient to transport glucose from the blood to cells. This causes blood glucose to rise.

Breastfeeding is recommended for the first year of life. However there are numerous factors that can influence a woman's decision to breastfeed. Name two of the influences.

All the following are appropriate: education, social concerns, working, physical ability

True or False. If false, explain why it is false.

Prolactin is a thick yellowish substance rich in protein and immune factors.

False, Colostrum is a thick yellowish substance rich in protein and immune factors.

OR

Prolactin is secreted by the pituitary gland to produce breastmilk

Breastfeeding moms require 1800 calories and increased vitamin intake. List two vitamins that need to be increased while breastfeeding.

Vitamins A, E, C and Riboflavin are all correct

Which of the following is/are not true of formula feeding? Choose all that apply.

(A) Lowers the infants risk for obesity later in life

(B) Helps mom recover more quickly and return to pre-pregnancy weight

(C) Meets the nutrients needs

(D) Promotes adequate growth

(A) Lowers the infants risk for obesity later in life

(B) Helps mom recover more quickly and return to pre-pregnancy weight

Jules is in her first trimester of pregnancy and is concerned because she has found herself craving dirt and ice. (A) What is the name of this condition and (B) why do the cravings occur?

(A) Pica

(B) Nutrient deficiency

Why are food choices important for an older adult? Select all that apply.

(A) Nutrient dense foods will delay the onset of some diseases

(B) Quality of the food is more important than the quantity

(C) Calorie needs increase

(D) It is difficult to get adequate sodium in the diet

(A) Nutrient dense foods will delay the onset of some diseases

(B) Quality of the food is more important than the quantity

Sandra is a single mother and just delivered her first child. The nurse on the floor asks if Sandra is planning to breastfeed. Sandra hadn't considered breastfeeding as her mother, sisters, and aunts all nourished their infants with formula, and she also thought to do the same. Also, Sandra knew she would be returning to work in 6 weeks, and really didn't see how she would breastfeed with her work environment and schedule. List at least 2 factors that are influencing Sandra's decision to use formula to feed her infant instead of breastmilk.

Options: Education, social concerns, peer pressure, work

Which of the following are benefits of breastfeeding. Choose all that apply.

(A) Meets the infants nutritional needs better than formula

(B) May lower the risk of breast cancer for mom

(C) Quicker recovery time for mom

(D) Decreased incidence of ear infections in the infant

(A) Meets the infants nutritional needs better than formula

(B) May lower the risk of breast cancer for mom

(C) Quicker recovery time for mom

(D) Decreased incidence of ear infections in the infant

List two minerals that must be increased during pregnancy

Iodide, zinc, iron, and calcium

Jeff weighed 6 pounds at birth. If he has adequate nutrition and is growing at a normal pattern, Jeff should weigh approximately how many pounds at 6 months?

Around 12 pounds

Angela is a pregnant female who was in a healthy weight range prior to her pregnancy. At her clinic visit, she wanted to know what an appropriate weight gain during pregnancy would be.

(A) 25 to 35 pounds

(B) 15 to 25 pounds

(C) 11 to 20 pounds

(D) 28 to 40 pounds

(A) 25 to 35 pounds

Mike weighed 6 pounds at birth. If he has adequate nutrition and is growing at a normal pattern, Mike should weigh approximately how many pounds at 1 year?

(A) Around 9 pounds

(B) Around 18 pounds

(C) Around 12 pounds

(D) Around 20 pounds

(B) Around 18 pounds

Jake is 5 months old. You have started to offer baby cereal on a spoon, but Jake continues to push the food out of his mouth. What is the name for what Jake is doing, and why is it occurring?

Jake is experiencing the extrusion reflex, and is not ready to eat the cereal.

Which of the following should be avoided because of a choking hazard in young children? Select all that apply.

(A) Hamburgers

(B) Popcorn

(C) Hot Dogs

(D) Excess Juice

(B) Popcorn

(C) Hot Dogs

Which of the following should be avoided because of a choking hazard in children younger than 5 years of age? Select all that apply.

(A) Eggs

(B) Peanut butter

(C) Soy

(D) Fish

(B) Peanut butter

Dana is a 4-year old who wants chicken nuggets at every meal. By definition, the desire to eat the same food at each meal is called a ____________.

Food jag

List 2 vitamins or minerals that are lacking in a child's diet who is a vegetarian

Vitamin D, Vitamin B12, calcium, iron and zinc are all correct

Dean has been a semi vegetarian for several years and practices yoga three times a week. At the age of 70 he takes one blood pressure pill but has no other health concerns and remains active. What type of aging process does this describe?

Successful aging

Define the term Middle Adulthood. Provide two unique needs that occur during this period of life.

Middle Adulthood occurs between the ages of 51 to 70 years. Two unique needs include: juggling schedules, adjusting to "empty nest syndrome" and dealing with elderly parents.

Match the following definition to the correct aging process.

Usual Aging

Successful Aging

Physical and physiological changes that occur as one ages not related to poor diet and lifestyle habits.

Successful aging

What does DASH stand for?

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension

What term refers to a loss of lean muscle and an increase in fat stores?

Sarcopenic obesity

Each of the following are physiological factors related to aging except:

(A) Digestive system changes

(B) Medications

(C) Chronic disease

(D) Economic factors

(D) Economic factors

What screening tool can be used to evaluate an elderly individual's risk for malnutrition?

DETERMINE

What term refers to a loss of muscle mass that occurs as an individual ages?

Sarcopenia

Older adults are inadequate in each of the following except:

(A) Fiber

(B) Iron

(C) Sodium

(D) Calcium

(C) Sodium

Explain why the quality of food is more important than the quantity of food in older adults.

As we age our calorie needs decline but nutrient needs are still important. To prevent weight gain and disease, the quantity of food needs to decline.