Edexcel A-Level Geography - Regeneration

Quality of Life Indices

Education, health, sanitation and environment

Reason for failing regeneration

Lack of local support - political apathy
Lack of funding

Index of Multiple Deprivation

Measures deprivation of local neighbourhoods
1 = Most deprived (Jaywick)
32,844 = Least deprived
7 factors = education, employment, health care, income and crime, housing, living environment.
Lower layer super output areas.

Reasons for places change

Physical = Management challenges from coastal erosion/flooding, climate change
Connectedness = Growth of motorways and airports since 1960
Historical development = current town layouts reflect their history
Planning = Government 'garden cities' (Bicester), expansion of Milton Keynes
Other = globalisation caused mass deindustrialisation

San Francisco

Overview: 3.6% unemployment, 7m people (52%white)
Problems = one of most expensive places in US to buy a house, lack of low-skilled workers and IT workers
Google effect - high skill and income locals =very high purchasing power
Locals are priced out - unemployed and loss of income
Very competitive housing market

Napa Valley

Premium wine growing region, California
4.2% Unemployment
Large immigrant labour that are paid high wages

Rust Belt

Midwest USA
Deindustrialisation due to = shrinking industry, globalisation, automation, steel and coal decline
Detroit deprivation = 45/100000 murders in Detroit, over 8% unemployment, 50% decline in population since 1950
High crime rates

Political engagement

2001 election = 70% turnout of over 65s but 39% 18-24yrs
Scotland = 20% more interested in politics than London, more likely to vote (Possibly due to sentiment of change felt amoung many Scots for independence)

Factors impacting engagement

Age/Gender (Older people more engaged)
Ethnicity (participation increased in certain parts of UK)
Sense of membership
Influence
Residency time (longer = more engaged)
Deprivation (Inequality drives participation)
Lack of place engagement - political apathy

Attachment to a place

Sport (Hereford football team, Amir Khan boxer from Bolton)
Music (Liverpool = Beatles)

Cause of regeneration conflict

Inequality, ethnic tensions, lack of political engagement, rural/urban divide

Northern Powerhouse

Idea from former chancellor George Osbourne in 2014
Believed more economic/physical (HS2) connections would provide growth
Conflict between cities to which one would become the main economic hub e.g. Liverpool and Manchester. Brain drain in out-competed regions. Cumulative causation of similar businesses.

HS2

Part of Northern Powerhouse plan to build over 300 miles of high-speed railway to regenerate multiple regions of the UK
Positives = 25,000 jobs, greater connectedness for 30m people, £92bn benefit after construction
Conflicts = local people and environmentalists against plan, £56bn cost, concerns that it doesn't solve the issue of London-centricity - loss of biodiversity, other conflicting economic interests and priorities for local people.

ONS

Office for National Statistics - responsible for holding/gathering a wide range of data on the UK

Media perception

Newspapers = Nationals favour London/SE
Estate agents = exaggerate positives
Tourism adverts = Promote positives
Blogs/forums = very negative view of local area/regeneration

Deregulation

Conservatives did this in 1986 to enable FDI (Canary Wharf)
2008 crisis increased state regulations and control over financial centre

Planning law

Government control development since 1948 - need planning permission
National government can override local interests

Local interest groups

Wildlife conservationists, trade unions, youth groups, heritage conservationists

Retail-led regeneration

High street facing internet shopping and out of town centres as competition
£1bn invested by government for growth (E.g Cabbots Circus)

Tourism-led regeneration

B&Bs, Gyms, outdoor activities
Volatile due to UK weather

Sport-led regeneration

Jobs created in construction and events
Olympics caused controversy (check case study)

Culture-led regeneration

Music venue, art gallery, festival, city of culture (Hull 2017)
E.g Banksy in Bristol

Rebranding

Attempt to change perceptions of a place so that it attracts inward investment (in rural areas and post-industrial cities)

Liverpool rebranding

Plan = redevelop 60 ha of historic dockland with residential and commercial properties investment 50£bn
Impact = Economy set to grow 50%, 30m annual tourist visits

Measuring regeneration success

Economic = income, poverty, employment
Social = IMD
Environmental = pollution reduction, public transport, brownfield site use

London Olympics

Aims:
-Clean site/Lea valley
-12,000 jobs with new housing
Positive change:
-College built & GCSE increase (62% pass from 47%)
-50,000 jobs
-Lea Valley park habitat restored - increased biodiversity
Negative change:
-Lack of affordable housing/relocation
-pulled trade from old shopping centre - competition will decrease profit leads to unemployment and negative multiplier effect
-more air pollution - increased traffic.

Eden Project

Funded partly by Millenium Commission (£121.5m total cost), opened 2001

Benefits:
-925,000 visitors 2012
-£1bn to local economy
-450 permanent jobs
-2,500 local suppliers supported
-Redeveloped brownfield site
-20% transit used is public transport

Problems:
-Conflict between tourists and locals
-Many jobs were short term (builders) and low pay
-13% traffic hike = air pollution and congestion
-running at £6.3m loss
-footpath erosion

Aims of London 2012 Olympics

Convergence - reduce gap of rich and poor - decrease inequality
Queen Elizabeth Park - Business led development "International Quarter" miniature canary wharf 400,000km2 businesses including banks to attract investment. 330 homes.
Residential led development 9000 by 2025

Key players London 2012 Olympics

UK government: London legacy development cooperation
Success = increasing employment, use of the park post 2012, more housing.
Local government: 4 bouroughs want to continue regeneration but have no development powers
Regional government: elected mayor of the London assembly, support effective transport and expansion and development of the East London economy post 2012
Local stakeholders: located on a former industrial estate 207 companies employed 5000 people, caused relocation met by objections
Environmental stakeholders: wetland habitats created in the Elizabeth Olympic Park increasing biodiversity, 1981 closure of docklands created dereliction with collapse of manufacturing in the lea Valley
People stakeholders: demand for affordable housing as locals have been out competed by rising house prices, original athletes village residents out-priced but never relocated, athletes village supposed to be developed into 3000 homes now 800 due to cuts and no longer low cost as above 60,000 can apply.

London 2012 Olympic Legacy

was a plan to make sure that the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games had LONG TERM BENEFITS
Fitness and sport services are still in use
Elizabeth Olympic Park - habitats
560 acres of parkland to encourage health and fitness
The orbit viewing platform - tourist site
Here east media technology - home to bt
Lea valley tennis club

Key players London urban regeneration

1980s docklands regeneration
Private sector: Westfield shopping centre =retail led regeneration largest in Europe 10,000 employees
50% Australian company investment = FDI
1 billion profit to the local community - positive multiplier effect.
Public sector: UK government bid for the 2012 Olympics supported by mayor and London assembly.
9.3 billion host cost - repayed via tickets, Olympic Village apartment sales, TV sponsorship
Public-Private sector: Market-led regeneration = government funding for property developers to ensure economic growth, housing and jobs.
Economic investment - repayed via tax and social advantages e.g. Decreased local unemployment, and inequality.

Public sector

Policy led
Players : MPs, regional and local governments
Public services or infrastructure where costs may be greater than profit so private sector companies 8 don't invest. - kick-start a depressed economy. (employment, increased education)
Infrastructure = national transport e.g. HS2 and Heathrow Airport expansion, water and electricity to meet public need.
Health services = public health increased so greater employment and national income
Large National events = 2012 Olympics and paralympics - FDI and tourism income - regeneration
Benefits = large scale investment, provide investment and services where the private sector can't.
Disadvantages = may not meet the needs of the local community

Public - private sector

High cost but still private sector employment
Private housing developers have government subsidies to build low cost affordable homes.
Benefit - NHS profit to private sector and employment increases government revenues
Disadvantage - disagreements increase time of project.

Private sector

Shareholders, employees, company directors.
Multiple partners (technology research or supply chains) or a single company - (expand product range to increase profits).
Benefits - competitive reducing costs, intuitive.
Disadvantage - benefit companies more than the local people.

Rural regeneration Cornwall

Issues:
Geographical isolation - poor transport connectivity
Aging population - youth out migrate = Brain drain

Cornwall

2000-10 high tourism
Employment and tourism increased economy at a greater rate than UK average.
Mainly public sector funding which has been reduced by austerity so are now dependent on the private sector.

Rural issues

Rural locations have smaller population sizes and lower incomes therefore less income to businesses so most invest in urban locations. Lack of income and opportunity leads to youth out-migration and an Aging population.
Lowest UK earnings - 77% of average.
Many part-time and seasonal workers.
Public sector convergence funding e.g. EU objective one and local and national government funding.
Objective one - pump prime new private sector businesses to reduce initial costs. Match funding to minimise risks so that more businesses are long-term e.g. Lobb's Farm.

Key players

EU: objective one funding since 1999
UK central government: cut investment grants, SW regional development company cut.
Local government: public sector is the largest employer, Newquay enterprise zone - offer lower tax rates to businesses, 2010 + no funding to potential business start-ups, local enterprise partnership has limited funding.
Local economy stakeholders: banks have decreased investment to small businesses following the 2008 financial crisis. Largest incomes are food industry and tourism which need expansion.
People stakeholders: education e.g. Combined universities in Cornwall.

Combined universities Cornwall

Develop a knowledge economy to reduce youth out-migration and provide high skill and income employment.
Encourage business start-ups in the knowledge economy to counteract the brain drain.
Student economy - high rental market and income to local bars and restaurants.

Regeneration projects Newquay

Watergate Bay Newquay - 50-60 youths are trained in hotel - low skill work provides small scale employment. Fifteen restaurant profits go into training and development. Doesn't stop youth out-migration on a large scale, limited funding.

Superfast Broadband

2016 95% superfast fibre broadband - allows knowledge economy development and reduces lack of connectivity.
Public-Private 132 million = 53.5 from EU regional development fund and 78.5 from BT.
2000 jobs - 200 million per year increase to the economy.

Wavehub

Wave-power research project. 20MW capacity of electricity is delivered to the mainland community.
42 million = EU, SWRDF and UK government. 4 private companies.
170 jobs = small scale employment in the knowledge economy.
75 million over 25 years to the local economy.

Eden project

Old brown field site - China clay Quarry - preserve natural habitats and biodiversity.
Promotes sustainable living - education and biomes.
Re-imaging.
13 million visitors and 1.1 billion to the economy.
650 directly employed and 3000 indirectly e.g. Suppliers.
2700 local suppliers.
Developed year-round tourism.
140 million initial cost Public-Private.

Benefits

Compare small areas across the UK.
Identify the most deprived locations.
Compare different types of deprivation.
Compare relative deprivation changes over time.

Disadvantages

Hard to quantify how deprived an area is.
Measuring absolute deprivation changes over time.
Compare llsoa s with locations outside the UK.
Can't identify who are the deprived.
Can't determine how affluent a place is.

Pattern in deprivation in the UK.

Lowest - Central South England.
London - high deprivation at NE of Thames.
Highest - NW England around Liverpool and Manchester. Also East Coast of Central England.
Newcastle - Hull.

Liverpool

Physical -
Connectedness - mersey rail and John lennon Airport - International tourism and European flights. - FDI and migration of high skilled workers - expansion of the knowledge economy.
Historical - globalisation iniciates industrial decline and unemployment rose to greater than UK average. Rapid out-migration and populations fell to the lowest in 1970 to the suburbs.
Fall in housing quality and prices as high income out-migrated leading to high housing deprivation.
Docklands = functionally obselete.
Studentification and immigration of Lower and immigrants attracted to lower house prices. High ethnic diversity, deprivation and inequality leads to tensions. 1981 Toxteth riots - £11 million in damage. 2010 11% are in the most deprived 1% in the UK. Decreased life expectancy - 14 yrs below UK average.
Planning - £6 billion investment - Public-Private e.g. Albert Dock and Liverpool one £1 billion and EU capital of culture 2008.

Liverpool regeneration key players

Liverpool City Council - planning permission.
Central government - funding.
Mayor - meet the local needs.
Liverpool economic development agency.
UNESCO World heritage site 2004.
Private sector developers and businesses.

Highest income UK

Kensington & Chelsea and Hammersmith & Fulham in west London the average income was more than three times average at £58,816.