Unit H

isoelectronic

having the same number of electrons

periodicity

recurring trends in the physical properties of the elements in the periodic table

Coulomb’s Law

states that the force of attraction between two oppositely charged particles is directly proportional to the magnitude of the charges (Q) and inversely proportional to the distance between the charges (d)

as Q+ (enc) in Coulomb’s law increases…

attraction gets larger and atoms get smaller

as d² (distance) in Coulomb’s law increases…

size gets larger and attraction gets smaller

transition metal ions…

lose their s-block electrons first

in terms of enc, all groups…

have the same pull amongst their group

positive ions (cations) are…than their parent ion

smaller

negative ions (anions) are…than their parent ion

larger

Q- is always…

-1

the atomic radius trend goes…

down and to the left

the ionization energy trend goes…

up and to the right

first ionization energy is for an…, successive ones are for an…

atom; ion

if two elements are in the same row, use…

the protons/enc part of Coulomb’s law

if two elements are in the same column, use…

the distance part of Coulomb’s law

the anomalies for ionization energy are…

valence groups 3 and 6 (groups 13 and 16)

repulsion from paired electrons…ionization energy

lowers

the atomic radius trend increases down the table because of…

increased occupied energy levels

the atomic radius trend decreases across the table because…

more protons increase the effective nuclear charge, drawing electrons closer

ionization energy

amount of energy required to forcibly remove an electron from a gaseous atom

ionization energy can be added as…

light (electromagnetic radiation - EMR), heat, or electricity

first ionization energy decreases down the table because…

valence electrons occupy energy levels further from the attractive force of the protons in the nucleus

first ionization energy increases across the table because…

more protons increase the effective nuclear charge, drawing electrons closer

successive ionization energy

amount of energy required to repeatedly remove electrons one at a time, one after the other

successive ionization energy…as it continues

increases

successive ionization energy increases as it continues because…

the loss of one electron in the valence shell reduces the repulsion between the paired valence electrons, allowing the remaining one(s) to move closer to the nucleus, increasing ionization energy

successive ionization energy jumps when…

the electron is removed from the next closer energy level (shell)

the valence group 6 exception can be explained by…

the added repulsion of the 4th electron that is paired in the p orbital, which offsets the increased nuclear attraction from the added proton and lowers the ionization energy

the valence group 3 exception can be explained by…

the p orbital having less penetration into the inner core due to shape, making the Coulombic attractive force on the p electron smaller

different colors correspond to…

different wavelengths

photoelectron spectroscopy (PES)

measures binding energy and provides evidence for the validity of the shell orbital model

high binding energy means…

a tighter bond

when elements are in the same orbital, PES differentiation involves…

protons: less protons, less binding energy; more protons, more binding energy