OCR GCE Biology (A) Module 5.3 - Neuronal Communication

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48 Terms

1
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The pressure sensor found in the skin is called:

Pacinian corpuscle

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Cells or sensory nerve endings that respond to a stimulus in the internal or external environment are called:

Sensory receptors

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A transducer is:

A cell that converts one form of energy into another

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The stimulus of temperature change is sensed by:

Temperature receptors in the skin and hypothalamus

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The stimulus of chemicals in the air is sensed by:

Olfactory cells of the epithelium that lines the nose

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The stimulus of changes in sound is sensed by:

Vibration receptors in the cochlea

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The cessation of a response to a continuous and constant stimulus is:

Habituation

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Neurones that take action potentials from the CNS to the effectors are:

Motor neurones

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Neurones that take action potentials from the sensory receptor to the CNS are:

Sensory neurones

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Neurones that connect sensory and motor neurones are:

Relay neurones

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A neurone that is surrounded by Schwann cells is called a:

Myelinated neurone

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A neurone that is not wrapped in Schwann cells is called a:

Non-myelinated neurone

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"A brief reversal of the potential across the membrane of a neurone, causing a peak of +40mV compared to the resting potential of -60mV" is the definition of:

Action potential

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"the potential difference across the membrane when it is at rest (-60mV)" is the definition of:

Resting potential

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"All nerve impulses are identical. They are not graduated" is the definition of:

All-or-nothing law

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When at rest, active transport of ions occurs at the sodium-potassium pump. In this instance, ............. ions are pumped outside the cell membrane, while ......... ions are pumped inside the cell.

Na+
K+

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During depolarisation, ..................... voltage gated ion channels open, allowing this ion to diffuse into the cell.

Na+

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During repolarisation, .................... voltage gated channels open, allowing this ion to diffuse out of the cell.

K+

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Hyperpolarisation is caused because K+ voltage gated ion channels are slow to close after repolarisation. This occurs during the refractory period. The outcome of this is that:

Action potentials are unable to travel backwards

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The potential difference across a neurone membrane at resting potential is:

-60mV

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The potential difference across a neurone membrane at peak depolarisation is:

+40mV

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The potential difference across a neurone membrane at the threshold value is:

-50mV

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The refractory period is when:

Na+ and K+ ions are not in the correct position for an action potential to be transmitted

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Action potentials that jump from one node of Ranvier to the next, thus speeding up the transmission of action potentials, is known as:

Saltatory conduction

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A synapse that uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter is known as a:

Cholinergic synapse

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A neurotransmitter is:

A chemical used as a signalling molecule between two neurones in a synapse (an example of cell signalling)

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The synaptic cleft is:

The gap between the pre- and post-synaptic membranes

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One way to ensure action potentials travel in one direction only across a synapse is that neurotransmitters are only produced in the:

Pre-synaptic bulb

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One way to ensure action potentials travel in one direction only across a synapse is that sodium ion channels, that have receptor sites for neurotransmitters, are only found on the membrane of the:

Post-synaptic bulb

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The effect of an action potential arriving at the pre-synaptic bulb is to:

Open the voltage-gated Ca2+ ion channels, allowing Ca2+ ions to diffuse into the cell

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The effect of Ca2+ ions diffusing into the pre-synaptic bulb is to:

Cause the synaptic vesicles to move to, and fuse with, the pre-synaptic membrane

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Acetylcholine is released from the pre-synaptic bulb by:

Exocytosis

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Acetylcholine molecules move across the synaptic cleft by:

Diffusion

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.................. ions diffuse into the post-synaptic bulb, which causes a new action potential to be created in the post-synaptic neurone.

Na+

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The enzyme found in the synaptic cleft is:

Acetylcholinesterase

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The function of the enzyme found in the synaptic cleft is to:

Hydrolyse any neurotransmitter left, in order to stop action potentials in the post-synaptic neurone, being continuously initiated when there has been no new stimulus

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The effects of several excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) when added together is called:

Summation

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Temporal summation is when:

A single neurone has to have several action potentials in a short space of time, before the neurotransmitter is released from the pre-synaptic bulb.

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Spatial summation is when:

Several neurones have to have carry action potentials to a single synapse, before the neurotransmitter is released from the pre-synaptic bulbs

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The combination of several ESPS' can be prevented by a single

IPSP

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Excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSP's) are:

A small number of acetylcholine molecules that diffuse across the synaptic cleft. An action potential is only propagated in the post-synaptic neurone when a threshold of several of these is reached

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Inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (IPSP's) are:

Produced by some pre-synaptic neurones that reduce the effect of summation and prevent an action potential being propagated in the post-synaptic neurone

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Having several pre-synaptic neurones converging at a synapse with a single post-synaptic neurone, has the effect of:

Allowing information from several different stimuli to generate a single response (e.g. of danger). This is also known as spatial summation.

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Having one pre-synaptic neurone diverge to several post-synaptic neurones, allows a response to be generated in several parts of the body. This is useful in a:

Reflex arc (the body responds at the same time action potentials are passed to the brain)

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The creation and strengthening of specific pathways within the nervous system are thought to be useful in:

Conscious thought and memory

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Synapses can .................... ............. unwanted to low-level stimuli that the body does not need to respond to (e.g. the feeling of the shirt on your back).

Filter-out

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An example of an inhibitory neurotransmitter is:

GABA

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Action potentials move away from the cell body of a neurone down the:

Axon