PHYT5103 - Movement & Exercise Science Midterm 1

What two criteria define posture

The biomechanical Alignment of the body and the orientation of the body to the environment.

Biomechanical alightment of the body and it's orientation to the evironment.

Posture

Define "Postural Alignment" in the sagittal plane

Anterior border of the ear, the shoulder, hip, knee, and ankle joint

Define "Postural Alignment" from an anterior view

Nose, symphysis pubis, and between the knees and feet

Define "Postural Alignment" from a posterior view

occiput, spinous processes, gluteal crease, and between the knees and feet

The 6 components of the ICF framework are?

Health Condition, Body Function, Activities, Participations, Environmental Factors, Personal Factors

In the ICF framework activities affected by the health condition are termed what?

Limitations

In the ICF framework functions affected by the health condition are termed what?

Impairements

In the ICF framework participations affected by the health condition are termed what?

Restrictions

The 3 levels at which health conditions can affect as per the revised ICF framework

Individual, Institutional, Societal

Define "impairement"

Problem in body structure and function as a significant deviation or loss

Define "Body Structure"

Anatomical parts such as organs, limbs, joints

Define "Activities"

Execution of a task or action

Define "Limitation"

Activities that are difficult due to health condition

Define "Participation"

Involvement in life situations

Define "Restriction"

Participations that are difficult due to health condition

What does the ICF consider environmental factors?

Physical, social and attitudinal environment in which people live and conduct their lives (e.g. technology, natural/physical environment, services, systems, policies)

What does the ICF consider personal factors?

Background of an individual's life and living (e.g. sex, race, age, social background, fitness, habits)

The ICF defines "performance" as...

what a person does in their current environment

The ICF defines "capacity' as...

The ability to execute a task or action in a specified context at a given moment. Identifies the highest level of functioning.

What are 4 considerations to be mindful of when using the ICF framework

1. It fosters a view of people with disabilities as catalogues of deficits rather than as people with various abilities and resources

2. It is limited in its ability to consider broader social, political, legal or economic impacts on impairment, or the impact of environment on social disadvantage, opression and marginalization

3. It does not consider environmental, socioeconomic, and cultural influences

4. Does not consider the environment as potentially creating the impairment. Environment only considered for how it affects the individual.

What is a "Word"

A single distinct meaningful element of speech or writing.

Nominal and Ordinal are this data type

Categorical

What are the categorical data types

Nominal and Ordinal

Discrete and continuous are this data type

Quantitative

What are the quantitative data types

Discrete and Continuous

Interval and Ratio are this data type

continuous

What are the sub-types of continuous data

Interval and Ratio

What are the 3 criteria that define data types

1. Presence of a true zero

2. Presence of equal intervals

3. Defined order or ranking

Describe nominal data

No true zero, unequal intervals, no defined order

What type of data is binary data

nominal

Define binary data

nominal variables with only two options

What data type is ordinal data

Categorical

Define ordinal data

No true zero, unequal intervals, defined order. (e.g likert scale)

What type of data is discrete data

Numerical

Define discrete data

Integer values, finite posible values, typically "counts"

What type of data is continuous data

Numerical

Define continuous data

Data measured on a continuous scale, almost any value, can be subdivided into finer increments

What are the two continuous data types

Interval and ratio

Define Interval data

Ordered, meaningful differencs between units, , no natural zero (e.g. temperature)

Define Ratio data

Ordered, meaningful and equal intervals, natural zero (ex. height, mass, speed)

What is the difference between accuracy and precision

Accuracy is the proximity to the true value, whereas precision is how closely your measurements agree with each other

What is the difference between instrument precision and measurement precision

Instrument precision depends on the number of distinguishable alternative from which a result is selected. Measurement precision is the inverse of standard deviation.

What is Resolution

The smallest incremental quantity that can be measured with certainty (e.g. sample rate or frame rate)

What is an error that you might run into with a low resolution

Choppy or blurred data

What is the difference between linearity and hysteresis

Both are the relationship between input and output. Linearity describes how closely the relationship appears to follow a straight line. In hysteresis the output is affected by the history of stretch relaxtion inputs. Hysteresis is the energy lost to heat.

Define reproducibility

The ability to produce the same outputs for equal inputs applied over some period (aka reliability or repeatability)

What 4 factors might affect reproducibility

Instrument, therapist, protocol, patient/client

Define Validity

How accurate the method measures the intended quality

What are the 3 types of validity

Construct, content, Criterion

Define construct validity

measure adheres to existing theory and knowledge of the concept being measured

Define content validity

The measurement covers all aspects of the concept being measured

Define criterion validity

The extend to which the result of a measure corresponds to other valid measures of the same concept

If a measure is not reliable can it be valid?

Not likely

Is it possible for a measure to be highly reliable but still invalid?

Yes

Is a valid measure typically highly reliable

Yes

What are the three planes of movement?

Sagittal, frontal, transverse

Define sagittal plane and movements that occur in this plane

cuts body into left and right, flexion/extension

Define frontal plane and movements that occur in this plane

cuts body into anterior posterior, abd/adduciton

Define transverse plane and movements that occur in this plane

cuts body into superior/inferior, rotations and horizontal abd/adduction

What are the three primary axes of movement

Anteroposterior, Mediolateral, longitudinal

Define Kinematics

Branch of mechanics that describes motion of a body without regard for forces or torques

What three qualities define human body position?

Location, orientation, joint configuration

What position is the reference for all movement

anatomical position

What are the 5 kinematic variables for describing motion

TLDM(r) (Type, Location, Direction, Magnitude, rate of change)

What are the types of motion

rotation and translation

What does location of motion dscribe

plane of motion

What does direction of motion describe

flex/ext, abd/add etc.

What is magnitude of motion

Range of motion (degrees of movement)

What is rate of change of motion

Velocity or acceleration (requires more information)

What are the two types of translation

rectilinear and curvilinear

Whats the difference between the two types of translation

rectilinear is straight line, curvilinear is a curved path

What are the two types of rotational movement

Rotary/angular or axis of rotation

Whats the difference between a plane and an axis

Planes are two dimensional, axis is one dimensional line

What is the maximum number of degrees of freedom, and what are they

6, translations through the three planes and rotations about the three axes

What are two factors that could limit the DOF of a joint

Joint geometry and ligament structure

Define osteokinematics

Rigid body movements relative to the three cardinal planes of the body

Define degrees of freedom

The number of independent directions of movement permitted at a joint

What is the difference between open chain kinematics and closed chain kinematics

Open chain referes to a movement where the proximal segment of the joint is fixed, and the distal segment can move freely. Closed chain refers to the distal segment being fixed and the proximal segment being free moving

Define Arthokinematics

The motion that occurs between the articular surfaces of the joint

What are the three movements allowed by arthokinematics

Roll, Slide, Spin

Define "Roll"

Multiple points along one rotating surace contact multiple points along another articulating surface

Multiple points along one articular surace contact multiple points along another articulating surface, what type of movement is this?

Roll

Define "Slide"

A single point on one articulating surface contacts multiple points on another articular surface.

A single point on one articulating surface contact multiple points on another articular surface. What type of movement is this?

Slide

Define "Spin"

A single point on one articular surface rotates on a single point of another articular surface.

A single point on one articular surface rotates on a single point of another articular surface. What type of movement is this?

Spin

When a moving segment's articular surface is convex, will the gliding of the articular surface move in the same or opposite direction as the segment?

Opposite

When a moving segment's articular surface is concave, will the gliding of the articular surface move in the same or opposite direction as the segment?

Same

Convex-Concave Patterns describe the arthrokinematic pattern that minimizes the inherent migration of the center of the convex menber in the direction of the roll: True or False

True

Explain the difference between a joint's closed and loose packed positions. Where do they typially occur?

Closed packed position is when the ligaments are most tought, and therefore pulling the joint tightly together, this occurs at end RoM. It is the point of greatest joint congruency. Loose packed is all other positions, with least congruency occuring at the mid range. The loose packed position has the least ligamentous stress on the joint.

Superficial muscles are small and deep muscles are large. True or False?

False: Superficial muscles are larger than deep muscles

What are the three key funcitons of joints?

Movement, Protections of internal structures (e.g. labrum ligaments), and load tolerance/dissipation

What are the three subsystems that enable joint function?

Passive Osteoligamentous, Active muscular, Neural

Define "Stability"

Tha ability of a system to remain within a boundary of control after a perturbation is applied

What is the outcome when stress exceeds capacity at a joint?

Damage to the joint

The osteoligamentous system is not effective in loose packed positions True or False?

True: OL system is not effective in vicinity of neutral positions and increases effectiveness as we approach closed packed positions

The osteoligamentous system act as dynamic, active mechanoreceptors for joint motion, deformation, and acceleration. True or False

True

Pacinian Corpuscles and Ruffini Endings can be found included in the Active Muscular Subsystem True or False?

False: they are components of the osteoligamentous system

What are two considerations for stability of the osteoligamentous subsystem?

Joint congruency (bone morphology, fibrocartilaginous discs) and ligamentous structures (number of ligaments, size, arangement)