AP Biology Unit 3 - Review

Vocabulary Words

absorption spectrum

A graph of light absorption versus wavelength of light; shows how much light is absorbed at each wavelength.

acetyl CoA

molecule formed from the oxidation of pyruvate

action spectrum

A graph of a biological process versus light wavelength; shows which wavelengths are involved in the process.

activation energy

The amount of energy needed to push the reactants over an energy barrier.

active site

A pocket or groove on the surface of the enzyme where a substrate can bind.

Adenine, ribose, phosphate group

ATP is composed of

ADP

adenosine diphosphate; molecule that ATP becomes when it gives up one of its three phosphate groups

aerobic

Requiring molecular oxygen, O2

alcoholic fermentation

Anaerobic series of reactions that convert glucose to ethyl alcohol (ethanol) and carbon dioxide in some plants and yeast cells.

Allosteric

__ regulation of enzyme occurs when a molecule binds to an enzyme changing the protein's shape

amylase

Enzyme that can break the bonds of starch to form the carbohydrate monomer, glucose.

Anabolic pathways

Consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones i.e. Amino acids making up proteins

anabolic pathways

Series of reactions that consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones.

anaerobic

Occurring without the use of molecular oxygen, O2.

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

autotroph

An organism that is capable of living exclusively on inorganic materials, water, and an energy source other than the chemical bonds of organic compounds. Some autotrophs (photoautotrophs) use sunlight as their energy source. Others (chemoautotrophs) use oxidation of inorganic compounds.

bioenergenetics

The study of how organisms manage their energy resources.

Bioenergetics

The study of how organisms manage their energy resources

breaks down molecules, negative ΔG

Catabolic

builds larger products, Positive ΔG

Anabolic

Calvin cycle

a series of enzyme-assisted chemical reactions that produces a three-carbon sugar

Catabolic pathway

Release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones i.e. Cellular respiration

catabolic pathways

Series of reactions that release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds.

Catalyst

an agent that speeds up a chemical reaction without itself being permanently altered

catalyst

A chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

cellular respiration

The catabolic pathways by which electrons are removed from various molecules and passed through intermediate electron carriers to O2, generating H2O and releasing energy.

Chemical Energy

Potential energy trapped in molecular bonds.

chlorophyll

Any of several green pigments associated with chloroplasts or with certain bacterial membranes; responsible for trapping light energy for photosynthesis.

citric acid cycle

In cellular respiration, a set of chemical reactions whereby acetyl CoA is oxidized to carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms are stored as NADH and FADH2. Also called the Krebs cycle.

Competitive inhibition

substance that resembles the normal substrate competes with the substrate for the active site

competitive inhibitors

Reduce the productivity of enzymes by blocking substrates from entering active sites.

cyclic electron transport

in photosynthetic light reactions, the flow of electrons that produces ATP but no NADPH or O2.

Death

What happens if we have a decrease or disruption in energy?

Denature

Characteristic of proteins; a change in shape that stops the protein from functioning.

endergonic reaction

Reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings.

endothermic reaction

a chemical reaction where energy is taken in, so that the products have more energy than the reactants.

Energy storing, Positive ΔG

Endergonic

energy-harvesting reactions

exergonic stage of glycolysis in which G3P is converted into two molecules of pyruvate

energy-investing reactions

endergonic stage of glycolysis in which glucose is converted into G3P

entropy

A measure of disorder or randomness. Tends to increase in the universe.

enzyme

Protein that speeds up reactions. Typically end in "ase" (ex. Peroxidase, Lipase)

enzyme-substrate complex

When an enzyme binds to its substrate, it forms:

exergonic reaction

Reaction that proceeds with a net release of free energy.

exothermic reaction

a chemical reaction where energy is given off, so that the products have less energy than the reactants.

FADH2

a reduced coenzyme similar to NADH, an electron carrier

feedback inhibition/negative feedback

A metabolic pathway is switched off by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway.

fermentation

Speaking specifically about energy metabolism, the anaerobic degradation of a substance such as glucose to smaller molecules such as lactic acid or alcohol with the extraction of energy. (2) Speaking generally, metabolic processes that occur in the absence of O2.

free energy

Chemical energy available to do work

free energy

Measures the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system, as in a living cell.

heterotroph

An organism that requires preformed organic molecules as sources of energy and chemical building blocks.

Homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environment

induced fit model

States that the enzyme and substrate undergo conformational changes to interact fully with one another (as opposed to "Lock & Key"

kinetic energy

Energy associated with relative motion of objects.

Krebs cycle

another name for the citric acid cycle

lactic acid fermentations

Anaerobic series of reactions that convert glucose to lactic acid, in some bacteria and animal cells.

light reactions

The initial phase of photosynthesis, in which light energy is converted into chemical energy.

light-harvesting complex

in photosynthesis, a group of different molecules that cooperate to absorb light energy and transfer it to a reaction center. Also called antenna system.

metabolism

The sum of the building & breaking reactions occurring in cells

Metabolism

The totality of an organism's chemical reaction

NAD

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide - a coenzyme that is an electron carrier; NAD+ is oxidized, NADH is reduced

NADH

reduced electron carrier molecule formed in glycolysis

Noncompetitive inhibitor

a chemical that binds to an enzyme but not in the active site. This chemical will change the shape of the enzyme (reversible)

noncompetitive inhibitors

Impede enzymatic reactions by binding to another part of the enzyme (other than the active site).

noncyclic electron transport

In photosynthesis, the flow of electrons that forms ATP, NADPH, and O2.

oxidation

Relative loss of electrons in a chemical reaction; either outright removal to form an ion, or the sharing of electrons with substances having a greater affinity for them, such as oxygen. Most oxidations, including biological ones, are associated with the liberation of energy.

oxidized

loses electrons

oxidizing agent

compound that gains electrons in a reaction

photosynthesis

photosynthesis: Metabolic processes carried out by green plants and cyanobacteria, by which visible light is trapped and the energy used to convert CO2 into organic compounds.

photosystem

A light-harvesting complex in the chloroplast thylakoid composed of pigments and proteins.

pigment

A substance that absorbs visible light.

potential energy

Stored energy.

Protein Kinases

enzymes that reversibly activate or inactivate other proteins by adding phosphate groups to (phosphorylating) them

pyruvate

Three-carbon compound that forms as an end product of glycolysis.

pyruvate oxidation

pyruvate molecules are oxidized and produces acetyl-CoA, CO2, and NADH

reduced

gains electrons

reducing agent

compound that loses electrons in a reaction

reduction

Gain of electrons by a chemical reactant; any reduction is accompanied by an oxidation.

saturated enzyme

Describes an enzyme's maximum activity when every active site is being used.

Spontaneous Reaction

When a reaction doesn't require energy to proceed it is said to be this - doesn't mean it will be FAST.

substrate

the substance an enzyme catalyzes, changes.

Substrate Concentration

After looking at the shape of graph the enzyme activity of this enzymes is being regulated by what variable:

substrate level phosphorylation

the enzyme-mediated direct transfer of phosphate from another molecule (the substrate) to ADP

Substrate orientation

When Enzyme bring together specific atoms into a correct position that are otherwise rotating and tumbling so that bonds can form

symbol G

Free energy

Symbol H

Enthalpy aka system's total energy

symbol S

Systems total entropy (disorder)

symbol T

Temperature

Temperature

After looking at the shape of graph the enzyme activity of this enzymes is being regulated by what variable:

thermal energy

Kinetic energy associated with the random movement of molecules or atoms. (heat)

Transition State

The less stable state that occurs and is usually a high-energy state between reactants and products in a chemical reaction

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

Equation for ΔG