NUTR 325 Exam 3

Which stage of life is associated with the worst overall dietary habits in the U.S. according to NHANES data?

Adolescence

Nutrient requirements during adolescence are primarily based on:

Developmental stage

Which of the following increases iron requirements in adolescent females?

Onset of menstruation

Compared to children adolescents generally have:

Lower energy needs per kg

What is the best dietary source of calcium per cup for adolescents?

Milk

Which nutrient is most likely to be inadequate in vegetarian teens?

Iron

A BMI above the 95th percentile in adolescents is classified as:

Obese

Which adolescent would be considered for bariatric surgery?

BMI 37 with severe comorbidities

Disordered eating differs from an eating disorder in that:

It is less frequent and less severe

Which eating disorder has the highest mortality rate?

Anorexia nervosa

What is the diagnostic threshold for metabolic syndrome?

≥3 of 5 clinical criteria

What typically happens to muscle mass after age 30 in males?

It decreases with less activity

Moderate-intensity physical activity is defined as:

50-70% max heart rate

The best approach to sustained weight loss is:

Slow gradual weight loss

Bone mass can still increase until approximately what age?

30

Which nutrient does NOT typically increase in need after age 70?

Iron

Which of the following decreases B12 absorption in older adults?

Atrophic gastritis

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of weight loss in elderly?

Excess protein intake

Which checklist is used to assess undernutrition risk in older adults?

DETERMINE

Which diet is shown to improve cognition and protect against dementia?

MIND

Moderate alcohol consumption is defined as:

≤1 drink/day women / ≤2 drinks/day men

One standard drink contains how much pure ethanol?

0.6 oz

Where is most alcohol metabolized?

Liver

Ethanol contains how many kcal per gram?

7

Alcohol is metabolized into:

Acetyl-CoA

Which compound is responsible for hangover symptoms?

Acetaldehyde

A high ratio of Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes is associated with:

Obesity

Which type of fat poses the greatest risk for chronic disease?

Visceral

Which behavior decreases leptin and increases ghrelin?

Sleep deprivation

What is a key reason for underreporting in CDC obesity data?

Overestimation of height

Vegetarian teens are at risk of inadequate calcium and vitamin B12.

True

Adults should get at least 75 minutes of vigorous activity weekly.

True

Men and women require the same amount of iron after menopause.

True

Alcohol metabolism begins in the liver and ends in the stomach.

False

Visceral fat is associated with higher risk of heart disease than subcutaneous fat.

True

Obesity increases risk for GERD / sleep apnea / and some cancers.

True

Phytochemicals are primarily found in animal-based foods.

False

Alcohol-induced malnutrition may include both overnutrition and micronutrient deficiency.

True

The DETERMINE checklist is a comprehensive tool to detect all malnourished elderly.

False

High dietary intake of antioxidants may reduce cancer and CVD risk.

True

Older adults have more total body water than young adults.

False

Chronic alcohol use increases the risk for liver cirrhosis.

True

Excess protein intake is a common cause of weight loss in older adults.

False

Set-point theory suggests the body resists weight loss through hormonal feedback.

True

Type 2 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder and not preventable.

False

Bariatric surgery can impair growth if done too early in adolescence.

True

Obesity rates have stabilized over the past 10 years in the U.S.

False

Antioxidants like vitamins C and E help neutralize free radicals.

True

Sleep deprivation contributes to poor dietary choices and weight gain.

True

Cardiovascular damage in diabetes occurs due to poor glucose control.

True

What does biological age reflect that makes it better than chronological age for determining adolescent nutritional needs?

Individual differences in pubertal development and physical growth

What eating behaviors are common in adolescents that may negatively affect health?

Skipping meals, high fast food intake, dieting, and eating away from home

Which nutrients are typically underconsumed by adolescents?

Calcium, iron, vitamin A, zinc, and fiber

Which nutrients are often overconsumed by adolescents?

Sodium, saturated fats, and added sugars

How do peers influence adolescent dietary behaviors?

Peers can shape food choices, especially in social settings, often promoting less nutritious options

How do schools and families influence adolescent nutrition?

Schools provide meal structure and education; families influence home food availability and eating habits

What are common comorbid conditions of adolescent obesity?

Hypertension, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, sleep apnea, and psychosocial problems

How does adolescent obesity raise disease risk?

Through chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, and hormonal changes

What are the energy and protein needs of competitive adolescent athletes?

Higher than average due to growth and training; protein ~1.2-1.6 g/kg/day

Which nutrients are critical for adolescent athletes?

Calcium, vitamin D, and iron

How does disordered eating differ from eating disorders?

Disordered eating is irregular and less severe; eating disorders are clinical, with long-term health impacts

What physiological changes in adulthood influence nutrition?

Decreased muscle mass, slower metabolism, and hormonal shifts

Which nutrients are often consumed in excess by adults?

Sodium, added sugars, saturated fat

Which nutrients are often inadequate in adults?

Fiber, vitamin D, calcium, and potassium

What are national physical activity recommendations for adults?

At least 150 minutes moderate or 75 minutes vigorous exercise weekly plus muscle-strengthening twice a week

What is atherosclerosis and how does it lead to CVD?

It involves plaque buildup in arteries that restricts blood flow and promotes clot formation

What is the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome?

Three or more of: abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, low HDL, high triglycerides, or high fasting glucose

What are the three types of diabetes?

Type 1 (autoimmune), Type 2 (insulin resistance), and gestational diabetes

What increases cancer risk nutritionally?

High intake of red/processed meat, alcohol, fat, and low fruit/vegetable/fiber intake

What decreases cancer risk nutritionally?

High intake of fiber, fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and omega-3s

What physiological changes occur at age 70 and beyond?

Decreased lean mass, lower energy needs, less thirst, impaired taste and smell

Which nutrients increase in need for older adults?

Vitamin D, calcium, vitamin B6, vitamin B12

How does a varied diet support older adult well-being?

Improves nutrient intake, mental health, and life satisfaction

How do older adults' nutrient needs differ from younger adults?

Lower energy needs but higher or equal needs for protein, calcium, vitamin D, and B12

Why are older adults at greater food safety risk?

Weaker immunity, decreased stomach acid, and impaired sensory detection

What are nutrition strategies for chronic disease in adults 65+?

DASH or Mediterranean diets, limiting sodium and added sugars, increasing fiber and healthy fats

How can nutrition help manage cardiovascular disease and diabetes?

High fiber, balanced carbs, plant-based fats, and low sodium/sugar

What are nutritional strategies to reduce osteoporosis risk?

Adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, weight-bearing exercise, and protein

How does poor oral health affect nutrition in aging?

It impairs chewing and food choice, leading to reduced nutrient intake

What is a nutritional approach to osteoarthritis?

Anti-inflammatory diet, weight management, and omega-3 intake

What nutritional support benefits cognitive health in older adults?

Folate, vitamin B12, vitamin E, antioxidants, and omega-3s

What are the nutritional risks from polypharmacy?

Nutrient-drug interactions, altered absorption, and reduced appetite

What are challenges of being underweight in old age?

Increased frailty, loss of muscle, poor immunity, and higher mortality

What are signs of dehydration in older adults?

Confusion, dry mouth, low urine output, fatigue, and dizziness

What are current obesity trends in the U.S.?

Rising in adolescents and adults; stabilizing in children

What are some causes of obesity?

Poor diet, low physical activity, genetics, stress, poor sleep, and environment

What discrepancies exist in research on obesity risk?

Some studies show overweight as protective in older adults; others show increased disease risk

What is the definition of moderate alcohol consumption?

Up to 1 drink/day for women and 2 drinks/day for men

What are benefits and risks of moderate alcohol use?

May raise HDL and reduce clotting but increases cancer and liver disease risk

How can alcohol contribute to both weight gain and malnutrition?

It's calorie-dense but nutrient-poor and interferes with nutrient absorption

Why is there debate about the risks and benefits of moderate alcohol use?

Because of confounding lifestyle factors and variation in individual response